describe the meaning of “atomic radius”

Answer:

That fresh water hydrates the carbon-based lifeforms on earth. But through evaporation, and transpiration from plants leaf surfaces, it gets back into the atmosphere to feed clouds for the next rainfall. The cycling of liquid water and returning vapor creates our climate and our living environment.

Explanation:

The summary of the water cycle process is given below.

The water cycle shows the continuous movement of water within the Earth and atmosphere. It is a complex system that includes many different processes. Liquid water evaporates into water vapor, condenses to form clouds, and precipitates back to earth in the form of rain and snow.

Water in different phases moves through the atmosphere (transportation). Liquid water flows across land (runoff), into the ground (infiltration and percolation), and through the ground (groundwater).

Groundwater moves into plants (plant uptake) and evaporates from plants into the atmosphere (transpiration). Solid ice and snow can turn directly into gas (sublimation). The opposite can also take place when water vapor becomes solid (deposition).

Therefore, The summary of the water cycle has been explained.

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The correct option would be that oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide cannot react with one another.

The components of atmospheric air, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc., cannot react with one another because there is not enough energy in the atmosphere to set the reaction rolling.

For a reaction to take place, there must be enough energy to break the bonds in each air component. This is why the air components will not spontaneously react with one another, except during special events such as lightning and thunder.

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An aqueous solution is made with the salt obtained from combining the weak acid acetic acid, CH₃Co₂H, and the weak base methylamine, CH₂NH₂. The solution is basic.

The combination of CH₃Co₂H and CH₂NH₂ results in the formation of the salt CH₃Co₂CH₂NH₃. This salt is derived from a weak acid and a weak base, and therefore it can undergo hydrolysis in water, leading to the formation of acidic or basic solutions. In this case, CH₂NH₂ is the stronger base compared to CH₃Co₂H, so the solution will be basic.

This is because the CH₂NH₃⁺ ion will react with water to form hydroxide ions (OH⁻), increasing the pH of the solution. The pH of the solution will depend on the strengths of the acid and base, as well as the initial concentration of the salt. The dissociation constant, Ka, of acetic acid can also provide information about the strength of the acid and the resulting pH of the solution.

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Answer:

348 g FeCO3

Explanation:Use your 3 mol's and find the atomic number of Iron II and CO3 which i think is 115.854 so you multiply it by the 3 and that should give you your grams in FeCO3.

An electron domain consists of ; All of the above options  i.e.  a ) nonbonding pair of electrons   b) a single bond     c) a multiple bond.

An Electron domain is the number of bonded locations ( lone pair or bonded ) found around an atom. and the bond location is independent of the type of bonding existing between atoms in a molecule.

Electron domain are also known as electron groups. the types of electron domain are ; nonbonding pair of electrons and bonded atom.

Hence we can conclude that An electron domain consists of ; nonbonding pair of electrons,  a single bond and  a multiple bond.

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Answer:

B and C

Explanation:

is it multiple choice question??

Van der Waals forces are the interaction between the molecules and the atoms. It increases with an increase in the molecular size and the number of electrons. Thus, options B and C are correct.

Van der Waals forces are the weak forces of attraction and repulsion present between the atoms and the molecules of the compounds. They are also called London Dispersion Forces and dipole-dipole forces.

An increase in the number of electrons and size of the molecule increases the surface area and the electron cloud which in turn, increases the Van der Waals force.

The intermolecular force increases as in large atoms or molecules the valence are held loosely as they are far from the nucleus or the center of the atom.

Therefore, the size and the electron increase the Van der Waals force.

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"Hypotonic solution," refers to a solution with the highest water concentration due to its lower solute concentration compared to the other options, leading to water influx into cells.

A hypotonic solution would be most likely to have the highest water concentration. In a hypotonic solution, the solute concentration is lower than that inside the cell or compared to another solution. As a result, water tends to move into the cell or the solution to equalize the concentration.

When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, water molecules will move into the cell through the process of osmosis. This influx of water increases the water concentration inside the cell, leading to cell swelling or even bursting in extreme cases.

Compared to hypertonic and isotonic solutions, a hypotonic solution has a lower solute concentration, allowing for a higher concentration of water molecules. This results in a higher water concentration in the solution. It's important to note that the concept of tonicity is related to the relative solute concentrations between two solutions and their effect on cell osmosis. In this case, a hypotonic solution is characterized by a higher water concentration compared to the other options.

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The rate law for a reaction can be derived from the stoichiometry of the rate-determining step.

The rate law is an equation that tells how the rate of a reaction depends on the concentration of each species present. A rate equation is a chemical expression that relates the rate of reaction to the concentration of reactants. The stoichiometry of the rate-determining step, and therefore the reaction's rate law, is determined by experimental data.

Here are some factors to consider in determining the rate law experimentally:i. Each reactant's initial concentration is changed.ii. The reaction's rate is determined.iii. The effect of each reactant's concentration change on the reaction's rate is determined.iv. This information is utilized to determine the reaction's rate law.

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The rate law for a reaction can be derived from the stoichiometry of the rate-determining step.

The correct answer is stoichiometry of the rate-determining step. The rate law for a reaction describes the relationship between the rate of the reaction and the concentrations of the reactants. It can be determined experimentally by measuring the rate of the reaction at different reactant concentrations. The stoichiometry of the rate-determining step, which is the slowest step in the reaction mechanism, determines the rate law.

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The highly polarized O-H bond in sulfuric acid makes it a very polar molecule. Both the boiling point and viscosity are greater due to the polarity's increased effect on molecular attraction. The molecular mass also causes a rise in boiling point.

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The statement that Carboniferous swamps produced so much oxygen that the atmospheric concentration of oxygen increased to 35% is not accurate.

The Carboniferous period, which occurred approximately 359 to 299 million years ago, was known for the formation of vast swamp forests and the subsequent development of coal deposits. However, it is unlikely that these swamps alone caused such a significant increase in atmospheric oxygen levels.

During the Carboniferous period, the oxygen levels in the atmosphere were indeed higher than they are today, but estimates suggest that they ranged between 26% and 31%, not as high as 35%. The increase in oxygen during this period was likely influenced by multiple factors, including the widespread growth of land plants and the lack of efficient decomposition and decay processes.

It's important to note that determining the exact oxygen levels in Earth's ancient atmosphere is challenging, and scientists rely on various geological and paleontological evidence to make estimations. While the Carboniferous swamps played a role in the overall oxygen cycle, attributing a specific increase to 35% solely to these swamps would be an oversimplification.

In summary, the Carboniferous swamps contributed to the oxygen levels in the atmosphere during that time, but the claim that they caused the atmospheric concentration of oxygen to increase to 35% is not supported by scientific evidence.

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Answer:

D.

Explanation:

The electron cloud has negligible mass. Most mass come from the nucleus.

Answer: hope this helps mark me BRAINLEST plz ;)

Explanation:42. Practice Problem  How many joules of energy are required to vaporize 423g of water at 100oC and 1atmosphere of pressure. q = mHv m = 423 g Hv = 2260 J/gq = (423g) (2260J/g) = 955,980 J = 956 43. Table T – Heat Formulas

The amount of heat needed to melt 423 g of water at 0°C is 141282 J

The heat required to melt water can be obtained by using the following formula:

Q is the heat required.

L is the latent heat of fusion (334 J/g)

m is the mass.

With the above formula, we can obtain the heat required to melt the water as illustrated below:

Mass of water (m) = 423 g

Latent heat of fusion (L) = 334 J/g

Q = mL

Q = 423 × 334

Therefore, the amount of heat needed to melt 423 g of water at 0°C is 141282 J

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When calcium metal reacts with chlorine gas, calcium chloride is formed. The chemical formula for calcium chloride is \(CaCl_{2}\).

Calcium is a metal and has a valency of +2, while chlorine is a non-metal and has a valency of -1.

In the reaction between calcium and chlorine, two chloride ions combine with one calcium ion to form a stable ionic compound.

The reaction is a type of combination reaction, where two or more reactants combine to form a single product.

Calcium chloride is an important compound with many industrial, pharmaceutical, and agricultural applications, including as a de-icer, food preservative, and a source of calcium for animal and plant nutrition.

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Answer:

The magnetic field line data refutes the claim that the magnets were misaligned in the Tuesday launch.

Explanation: The data shows that there was no difference in the pattern of the field lines for all three launches. If the magnets in Tuesday's test had been misaligned, the force between the magnets in that test would be different than in the other test, showing both attraction and repulsion. During a misalignment at least one field line would connect opposite poles of the other magnets, but the magnetic field lines data we received did not show proof of misalignment.  Therefore the magnets were correctly aligned on Tuesday.

Answer:

Answer: The final volume of the gas will be 8.07 L.

Approximate number of tubes Amelia can fill = 8.07 L/500 mL = 16.14 tubes.

Answer:

the answer is d

Explanation:

i just did it

The characteristic property of ionic compounds is B. They form hard, brittle crystals.

Ionic bond is a chemical bond formed as the result of transfer of electrons from one atom to another.

Ionic bonds are held by strong electrostatic force. Properties of ionic bonds are:

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a. solar energy

the earth is warmed by the sun, which is solar (or infrared).

The given redox reaction is:

Cr2O7^2- + C2H4O → C2H4O2 + Cr3+

To balance this reaction, we first balance the oxygen atoms by adding H2O on the right side of the equation. The number of H2O molecules added depends on the number of oxygen atoms needed. In this case, we need three O atoms on the right side, so we add three H2O molecules to the right side of the equation:

Cr2O7^2- + C2H4O → C2H4O2 + Cr3+ + 3H2O

Next, we balance the hydrogen atoms by adding H+ ions on the left side of the equation. The number of H+ ions added depends on the number of hydrogen atoms needed. In this case, we need eight H atoms on the left side, so we add eight H+ ions to the left side of the equation:

Cr2O7^2- + C2H4O + 8H+ → C2H4O2 + Cr3+ + 3H2O

Finally, we balance the charge by adding electrons. The number of electrons added depends on the difference in charge on the left and right side of the equation. In this case, the left side has a charge of -2 (from the Cr2O7^2- ion), while the right side has a charge of +3 (from the Cr3+ ion). This means that we need to add 5 electrons to the left side of the equation to balance the charge:

Cr2O7^2- + C2H4O + 8H+ + 5e- → C2H4O2 + Cr3+ + 3H2O

Therefore, the coefficient for water molecules in the balanced version of the given redox reaction is 3.

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Answer:

The correct answer is C.

Explanation:

To solve this problem, we should first recall possible units for mass and volume.  Mass can be represented with units of grams, kilograms, etc.  Volume has units of cubic meters, cubic centimeters, etc.

Therefore, since we know that density is mass divided by volume, the only answer that makes sense here is C. grams per cubic centimeter (where per signifies that grams are being divided by cubic centimeters).

Hope this helps!

Compared to methane, CO2 causes more problems as a greenhouse gas due to its longer atmospheric lifetime, greater abundance, and presence in both human and natural emissions.

First, CO2 has a much longer atmospheric lifetime compared to methane. CO2 can remain in the atmosphere for centuries to millennia, while methane has a much shorter lifespan of around a decade. This means that once CO2 is released into the atmosphere, it will continue to contribute to the greenhouse effect for a much longer time than methane.

Second, CO2 is much more abundant in the atmosphere than methane. While methane is considered a more potent greenhouse gas on a per molecule basis, CO2 is released in much larger quantities, which makes it the most important contributor to the greenhouse effect. In fact, CO2 makes up around 80% of all greenhouse gas emissions, while methane makes up around 20%.

Finally, CO2 is not only released by human activities, but also through natural processes such as volcanic eruptions and respiration by plants and animals. This means that CO2 levels will continue to rise even if human activities are reduced or eliminated. On the other hand, methane emissions can be significantly reduced by controlling human activities such as livestock production and fossil fuel extraction.

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Answer: The solid turns into liquid during melting.

Explanation:

a. The process of a solid turning into liquid is called melting. The solid ice turns into a liquid during the melting process. The solid molecules gain energy and flow as a liquid.

b. The energy of the molecules increases in the liquid state. When the ice turns into a liquid the energy of the molecules increases. The application of heat or excess temperature increases the energy of the molecules.

Yes, a new Maricopa County facility that has a projected potential to emit of 35 tons NOx/yr, 50 tons CO/yr, 40 tons PM10/yr, 19 tons/yr PM 2.5, and 7 tons VOC/yr must go through BACT for any of the pollutants – list which pollutants trigger BACT.

Public Comment is required by Maricopa County Air Quality Department (MCAQD) for new facilities or modifications of existing facilities that exceed the public comment threshold in accordance with Maricopa County Air Pollution Control Regulation III.A.3.

The following emissions put the source over the Public Comment required threshold:PM10: 25 tons/year or more PM2.5: 10 tons/year or more NOx: 40 tons/year or moreSO2: 40 tons/year or moreVOC: 25 tons/year or moreCO: 100 tons/year or more. For any of the pollutants, Best Available Control Technology (BACT) is necessary if the facility is a major source or part of a major source of that pollutant. When a facility triggers the BACT requirement for a specific pollutant, MCAQD's policy is to require the facility to control all criteria pollutants at the BACT level.BACT applies to NOx and VOC.

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According to the given equation: Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) ⟶ MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)We can identify that magnesium and hydrochloric acid react in the ratio of 1:2.

To find out the limiting reagent, we will calculate the number of moles of each reactant present and then identify the one that gets completely consumed and hence limiting reagent.  that means for every one mole of magnesium, two moles of hydrochloric acid are required.

Given: Mg = 5.00 g HCl = 6.00 gMolar mass :Mg = 24.31 g/mo lHCl = 36.46 g/mol Number of moles: Mg = (5.00 g) / (24.31 g/mol) = 0.206 mol HCl = (6.00 g) / (36.46 g/mol) = 0.165 mol Using the balanced chemical equation,2 moles of HCl are required for one mole of Mg.So, the number of moles of HCl required to react with 0.206 mol of Mg is= 2 x 0.206 = 0.412 mol Since only 0.165 mol of HCl is available, it will be the limiting reagent and Mg is in excess.

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Answer:

Periodical development of fundamental particles and structure of atoms can be explained from different atomic models .

Explanation:

Periodical development of fundamental particles :

About 2600 years ago  an Indian sage called kanada proposed that all forms of matter are composed of very small particles called as Anu  and each Anu  is made up of smaller particles called Parmanu .

Later Greek philosopher Democritus called these atoms and according to him  atoms are indivisible and indestructible .

But Later John Dalton's postulate which suggests that atom  is indivisible  is disproved  by various experiments conducted by various scientists   :                                                                                                              

 1. Electron -  J.J Thomson discovered the electron while experimenting with cathode rays   in 1897.                                                                                              

2.  Proton - Proton was discovered by Gold stein in 1920.                              

3. Neutron was discoverer by James Chadwick   in 1932 by bombardment of alpha particle at beryllium .                                                                         Structure of atom :  

Schrodinger's model of atom : This model  is most precise model and  is used  in present days . According to him  electrons are present in a particular region or space around the nucleus called as orbitals where probability of finding the electrons are more.          

The gas that does not bind to the porphyrin ring Fe (II) ion in myoglobin is option E) H2S. Myoglobin is a protein that is found in muscles and plays a crucial role in storing and transporting oxygen.

The heme group present in myoglobin contains an iron ion that is surrounded by a porphyrin ring. This iron ion is responsible for binding to oxygen and facilitating its transport. However, some gases like CO, NO, and O2 can also bind to this iron ion, which can have adverse effects on the body. Carbon monoxide CO and nitric oxide NO have a higher affinity for binding to the iron ion than oxygen, which can lead to oxygen deprivation in the body. In contrast, carbon dioxide CO2 can bind to a different site on the protein and assist in the release of oxygen. However, hydrogen sulfide H2S does not bind to the porphyrin ring Fe (II) ion in myoglobin and therefore does not interfere with oxygen transport.

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When, 1 mole of methane at 25°C in a 244.6 mL bulb would exert a pressure of 2.79 atm assuming it behaves as a real gas and obeys the van der Waals equation.

First, let's calculate the pressure exerted by 1 mole of methane at 25°C assuming it behaves as an ideal gas;

We can use Ideal Gas Law to calculate the pressure;

PV = nRT

where P is pressure, V is volume, n is number of moles, R is gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin.

Converting the volume of the bulb to liters and the temperature to Kelvin;

V = 244.6 mL = 0.2446 L

T = 25°C = 298 K

For 1 mole of methane;

n = 1 mole

The gas constant for the Ideal Gas Law is;

R = 0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K)

Substituting the values into Ideal Gas Law equation;

P = (nRT) / V

P = (1 mole) x (0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K)) x (298 K) / (0.2446 L)

P = 3.24 atm

Therefore, 1 mole of methane at 25°C in a 244.6 mL bulb would exert a pressure of 3.24 atm assuming it behaves as an ideal gas.

Now, let's calculate the pressure exerted by 1 mole of methane at 25°C assuming it behaves as a real gas and obeys the van der Waals equation;

The van der Waals equation is;

(P + a(n/V)²) (V - nb) = nRT

where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant, T is the temperature in Kelvin, a is a constant that takes into account the attractive forces between molecules, b is a constant that takes into account the volume of the molecules, and (n/V) is the molar density.

For methane, the values of the van der Waals constants are;

a = 2.253 atm L²/mol

b = 0.0428 L/mol

Substituting the values into the van der Waals equation and solving for P;

P = (nRT / (V - nb)) - (a(n/V)² / V²)

P = (1 mole) x (0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K)) x (298 K) / (0.2446 L - (0.0428 L/mol x 1 mole)) - (2.253 atm L²/mol² / (0.2446 L)²)

P = 2.79 atm

Therefore, the pressure is  2.79 atm.

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Answer:

nitrogen in atmospheres of a sample is 0.679

Hydrogen bonds occur between neighboring amino acids in a secondary structure in creating alpha helices and beta pleats.

Hydrogen bond is an electrostatic attraction between two polar groups that occurs when a hydrogen atom (H), covalently bound to a highly electronegative atom such as flourine (F), oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N) atoms.

Protein is composed of amino acid linked with peptide bond, secundary structure can be α-helices and beta pleated sheet.

In a beta-pleated sheet, hydrogen bonds are formed between carbonyl and amino groups of backbone.

Fluorine atom has greater electronegativity than oxygen atom in carbony group, so the hydrogen bond with hydrogen atom is shorter and strands are closer.

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The total change in 2 years is likely to be -3 2/3mg/L.

Here given that ,

They discovered that the chloride concentration changed by -1 3/5 mg/L the first year.

The chloride concentration is expected to change in -2 1/15mg/L over the next year.

To determine: What is the total change that is likely to occur in two years?

To find the solution,

During the first year, the chloride concentration changed by -1 1/3

= -8/5mg/L.

The chloride concentration will change in -2 1/15 = -31/15 mg/L  over the next year.

The total change that is likely to occur in the next two years is

-8/5 + (-31/15)

= (-24 - 31 ) / 15

= -55/15

= -11/3

-3 2/3mg/L in a mixed fraction.

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Atoms contains nucleus in its center and electron that revolve around the atom in fixed orbit. Stability is the reason that causes atoms  to bond together to form molecules.

Atom is the smallest particle of any element, molecule or compound. Atom can not be further divided. In the nucleus, proton and neutron are present.

Every atoms want to gain stability. To gain stability atoms have to gain noble gas configuration that is outermost shell must contain 2,8, 18 electrons. The atom should follow octet rule. Stability lowers the energy of an atom.

Therefore stability is the reason that causes atoms  to bond together to form molecules.

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