disulphide bonds provide great conformational stability to some proteins, but these proteins are usually found extra-cellularly. why? group of answer choices the cytosol contains a high concentration of reducing agents. the cytosol contains a high concentration of oxidizing agents. unknown at present. sulfur is only present outside cells. sunlight is required to form s-s bonds.

Observing changes in a single individual over its lifetime is process evolution be measured.

In general ,the Rate of evolution is measured in Darwin's. Process of  Natural selection  through which species adapt to their environments. It is the key mechanism that drives evolution.

Five key mechanisms that cause a population, is  a group of interacting organisms  in  single species, that exhibit change in the allele frequency from one generation to the next.  The change in allele frequency  is caused by Mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, non-random mating, and natural selection.

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Ectotherms are measured indirectly through oxygen consumption or carbon dioxide production, while endotherms can be measured directly through calorimetry due to their different temperature regulation mechanisms.

The measurement of metabolism in ectotherms (cold-blooded animals) and endotherms (warm-blooded animals) differs due to their distinct physiological characteristics.

Ectotherms rely on external heat sources to regulate their body temperature. Metabolic rate in ectotherms is commonly measured using indirect methods such as oxygen consumption or carbon dioxide production.

These measurements are obtained through respirometry techniques, where the animal's oxygen consumption or carbon dioxide production is monitored in a controlled environment.

On the other hand, endotherms possess the ability to generate and maintain their own body heat through internal metabolic processes. Metabolic rate in endotherms is typically measured using direct methods such as calorimetry.

Calorimetry involves capturing the heat produced by the animal within a closed chamber or through specialized devices that measure heat production.

In conclusion, the measurement of metabolism in ectotherms primarily focuses on indirect methods like oxygen consumption or carbon dioxide production, while endotherms can be measured using direct methods such as calorimetry. This distinction arises from the different mechanisms by which these organisms regulate their body temperature.

Understanding the variations in metabolic measurements between ectotherms and endotherms provides insights into their energy utilization, thermoregulatory capabilities, and overall physiological adaptations.

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Answer:

All are macromolecules/polymers, have monomers (though different kinds), and help perform bodily functions.

Advanced Biology answer: All are macromolecules with functional groups that  make them function uniquely from each other. Their monomers all have a complex of bonds and atoms that give them shape, helping function.

The blue arrows denote the direction of the energy transfer from the turbine to the electrical generator. Based on the given diagram, the energy transfer between the blue arrows is a gain in energy.

Energy transfer refers to the conveyance of energy from one form to another, such as mechanical energy into electrical energy. Therefore, there is an increase in energy between the turbine and the electrical generator, which is highlighted in the blue arrows' direction.

The generator gains energy in the form of kinetic energy from the turning motion of the turbine. When the turbine turns the shaft of the generator, it causes electromagnetic fields to occur within the generator, which, in turn, generates electricity.

This energy transfer process is efficient as long as the system does not face friction or other forms of resistances. If the system does face such resistances, then there is a loss of energy and inefficiency in the energy transfer process, which can significantly affect the system's overall performance.

In conclusion, the energy transfer between the blue arrows is a gain in energy. The generator gains energy in the form of kinetic energy, which is converted into electrical energy. The efficient energy transfer process is vital for the system's optimum performance and operation.

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Answer:

This question is incomplete as it lacks the model, however, it can be answered based on general understanding

The answer is Messenger RNA

Explanation:

The process being described in this model is TRANSCRIPTION, which is the process by which a mRNA molecule is synthesized from a DNA template. The synthesis of the messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule follows the complementary base pairing rule which states that an Adenine base will always hydrogen pair with Thymine/Uracil (RNA) while Guanine will always hydrogen pair with a Cytosine base.

Therefore, according to the question, the molecule being produced as a result of the complementary base pairing is a messenger RNA molecule.

The molecule produced will be the messenger RNA.

We can arrive at this answer because:

Messenger RNA is created in a process called transcription.

The above question was answered based on its context, as the model to which it refers was not presented.

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Answer:

B.

Explanation:

assuming the egg doesn't have a shell, only a membrane, the water inside of the egg would diffuse outside via osmosis to the lower concentration of water. hope this helps

92% water in beaker, 99% water in egg in this situation egg will shrink.

Osmosis is the Latinized version of the now-outdated word osmose. Osmotic, which means "pertaining to or of the character of osmosis," is a derived word. Osmotic pressure, for example, is a pressure that results from or is associated with osmosis.

As a rule, water molecules flow downward, from an area with a high concentration of water (or fewer solutes) to one with a low concentration (or greater solutes). Osmosis cannot be used if there is no net water flow. A semipermeable membrane should be included for movement.

Water molecules require channel proteins to move down their concentration gradient because they are polar molecules. These channel proteins create a hydrophilic channel for water to pass through that is embedded in the cell membrane.

Therefore, 92% water in beaker, 99% water in egg in this situation egg will shrink.

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This arrangement demonstrates a collaborative effort between the two organizations to enhance their network capabilities and better serve their customers and stakeholders.

This arrangement is referred to as a network interconnection or network interconnectivity. It involves the connection of two separate networks to enable communication between them. The TCP/IP protocol is commonly used to establish this connection.

The agreement between the two companies to share their network resources will allow them to leverage each other's infrastructure, equipment, and services, such as servers, storage, and applications. This can result in improved efficiency, cost savings, and increased productivity. However, it is essential to ensure that security measures are put in place to protect sensitive information from unauthorized access and potential breaches.

Overall, this arrangement demonstrates a collaborative effort between the two organizations to enhance their network capabilities and better serve their customers and stakeholders.

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Answer:

There is no difference between an opportunistic pathogen and any other kind of pathogen. Both are microbes and both have the potential to cause damage/disease in a host.

Explanation:

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What process allows the amount of DNA in an organism's cells to be kept constant in sexually reproducing species?

Meiosis is the process through which sexually reproducing organisms maintain their particular chromosomal numbers from generation to generation. In humans, meiosis generates sperm and eggs, each having 23 chromosomes. By fertilizing sperm and ova, the chromosome number is restored in the zygote (46 chromosomes).

The sperm and egg carry half as many chromosomes as body cells since they are haploid (n) (in humans, 23 in each sperm and egg).

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Answer:

my research into Sustainability Engineering, Time Use shows itself to be a very important variable. Together with ecological impacts (Ecological Footprint or Planetary Boundaries), Time Use to meet needs is a required unit of measurement. I am using both Max Neef's theory of Fundamental Human Needs, and Doyal & Gough's theory of Human Need.

In my current paper, I am wanting to make a number of statements, and I would like to know of existing publications that have made similar conclusion.

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Answer:

The pancreas produces a number of zymogens that are released in the GI tract at the duodenum including procarboxypeptidase, chymotrypsinogen, and trypsinogen.

Explanation:

Answer:

a) autotrophic organisms and fungi in a mutualistic relationship

Explanation:

A lichen "is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species".

It is cyanobacteria + fungi, so it has to be two separate groups, and both cannot be fungi.

Your question has been heard loud and clear.

answer is option C , lichens do colonize on rocks most of the time , this is because they really are saprophytic fungi , that secrete acids to melt and make the rocks suitable for growing on.

Yes, using a fine-focus ion beam of MeV (Mega-electron Volt) He (helium) ions, it is possible to generate images.

The technique you are referring to is called Helium Ion Microscopy (HIM). In HIM, a focused beam of He ions is used instead of electrons to interact with the sample surface. The high-energy He ions can provide valuable information about the sample's surface composition, topography, and morphology, allowing the generation of high-resolution images.

Compared to electron microscopy, Helium Ion Microscopy offers several advantages, including improved resolution and depth of field. The He ions interact differently with the sample compared to electrons, resulting in unique imaging capabilities.

Additionally, the interaction of He ions with the sample generates secondary electrons and other signals, which can be detected to create contrast and image the sample.

However, it is important to note that the imaging process and techniques in Helium Ion Microscopy differ from those used in electron microscopy. Therefore, the acquired images may have different characteristics and require specific analysis and interpretation techniques.

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a) The 2x2 table for the study:

Tongue Cancer    No Tongue Cancer

Cigar Smokers         450                450

Non-Smokers           50                 550

b) Number of people who smoked cigars and did not have tongue cancer: 450.

c) Number of people who did not smoke cigars and did not have tongue cancer: 550.

d) The odds ratio is 11.

e) Interpretation: Cigar smokers are 11 times more likely to develop tongue cancer compared to non-smokers.

a) The 2x2 table for the study is as follows:

Tongue Cancer    No Tongue Cancer

Cigar Smokers         450                450

Non-Smokers           50                 550

b) The number of people who smoked cigars and did not have tongue cancer is 450.

c) The number of people who did not smoke cigars and did not have tongue cancer is 550.

d) To calculate the odds ratio, we use the formula: (ad)/(bc), where a is the number of cigar smokers with tongue cancer, b is the number of non-smokers with tongue cancer, c is the number of cigar smokers without tongue cancer, and d is the number of non-smokers without tongue cancer. In this case, the odds ratio is:

(450 * 550) / (50 * 450) = 550 / 50 = 11

e) The odds ratio of 11 indicates that individuals who smoke cigars are 11 times more likely to develop tongue cancer compared to those who do not smoke cigars. This suggests a strong association between cigar smoking and tongue cancer. It is important to note that the odds ratio only indicates the strength of association and does not establish causation. Other factors, such as lifestyle, genetics, and other smoking habits, may also contribute to the development of tongue cancer. Further research and analysis would be required to determine the causal relationship between cigar smoking and tongue cancer.

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Answer:

it is 2 and 4 and 5

Explanation:

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Answer:

1. Exoskeleton

2. Jointed limbs

3.  bilaterally symmetrical

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The heart rate is regulated by a feedback process that involves the nervous and endocrine systems. The sympathetic nervous system, which is activated during times of stress or physical activity, stimulates an increase in heart rate.

On the other hand, the parasympathetic nervous system, which is activated during times of rest and relaxation, stimulates a decrease in heart rate. Additionally, the hormone adrenaline, which is released by the adrenal gland, also increases heart rate.

This feedback process helps to maintain a balance or "homeostasis" of the heart rate in response to changes in the body's needs. For example, when the body is engaged in physical activity, the sympathetic nervous system and adrenaline will increase the heart rate in order to pump more oxygen-rich blood to the muscles. Conversely, when the body is at rest, the parasympathetic nervous system will decrease the heart rate to conserve energy.

It's important to note that this feedback process is a dynamic and continuous process that helps to ensure the body's internal stability in response to different internal and external conditions. This helps to maintain the balance of the heart rate and supports overall health and well-being.

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Answer:

d.  Reading, underlining, eliminating

Explanation:

edge 2020

A diverse group of invertebrates called mollusks have a life cycle that has numerous stages: egg, larva, juvenile, adult, reproductive phase and senescent phase.  

Adult mollusks lay eggs, which is often how it begins. These eggs develop into larvae that may or may not be able to move about freely. The larva enters a juvenile stage as it matures and expands, during which its anatomy and behavior undergo considerable changes. The juvenile snail develops into an adult mollusk once it is fully grown.

Mollusks reproduce sexually after they reach adulthood, with men and females often releasing gametes into the soil or water. Some species may also exhibit intricate courtship rituals or possess uniquely designed reproductive organs. Senescence, which might include a loss in physical function, reproductive ability, or other aspects of mollusks' ability to reproduce, occurs when they near the end of their lifespan.

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Data tables are used to summarize data recorded during an experiment.

The information provided here involves the type of egg, difference in size before and after being placed in the solution, the type of solution, and how the egg size changed. The table is attached.

Data tables are representations of data collected during an experiment.

Tables are organized in rows and columns, which resume significant information, making them easy to understand and interpret.

Together graphs and charts are used to express the results of different experiments, to make them more comprehensive to the lector.

In the exposed example, data includes

You will find the table in the attached files

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Enzymes invertase, zymase and diastase were the particular enzymes in the combination that were responsible for this transformation, according to Buchner's investigations, which demonstrated that ground-up yeast cells were capable of converting sugar to alcohol.

Zymase and diastase further break down the sugar molecules into alcohol and carbon dioxide after invertase has converted them into smaller molecules.

The DNA molecules in the yeast cells make the enzymes, which are a sort of protein. Although the combination also contains lipids and carbs, neither are necessary for the transformation of sugar into alcohol.

While carbohydrates are essential for the creation of cell structure and membranes, lipids are primarily employed as an energy source.

Complete Question:

Studies done by Buchner showed that ground-up yeast cells were able to convert sugar to alcohol. The components of the mixture that were responsible for this transformation were

DNA molecules.

enzymes.

lipids.

carbohydrates.

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The metabolic pathway of Tyrosine is formed from the precursors phenylalanine and tyrosine. These are products of glycolysis and Krebs cycle.

The pathway of tyrosine metabolism starts with the conversion of phenylalanine into tyrosine. Tyrosine is formed by the transfer of a hydroxyl group from the aromatic amino acid phenylalanine to the alpha-ketoglutarate by the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. Phenylalanine hydroxylase is one of the enzymes that are involved in the phenylalanine metabolism pathway.

The reaction occurs in the presence of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) as a cofactor. The hydroxylation reaction results in the formation of L-tyrosine and the release of the by-product L-glutamate. Tyrosine can be further metabolized in the body to produce neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.

In addition, Tyrosine metabolism occurs mainly in the liver, and these pathways include hydroxylation, deamination, and decarboxylation steps which occur sequentially. The catabolic pathway of tyrosine follows a series of reactions involving deamination, oxidation, and decarboxylation, with intermediates that are part of the Krebs cycle or glycolysis.

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Explanation:

DNA is less reactive chemically and more stable structurally in comparison to RNA. Hence, DNA is a better genetic material.

Dams preserve water, generate power, cause mass migration, and are expensive. Dams regulate water supply for domestic, industrial, and electric uses.

A dam is a structure that stops or slows the flow of water on the surface or in the ground.

Advantages of building a dam are:

Disadvantages are:

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Answer:

parts of the world heat up differently

Explanation:

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Answer:

Non-native species spread by natural process or human activities. Most non-native or indigenous species are harmless. They are called exotic species. ... The main difference between exotic and invasive species is that exotic species is harmless to the ecosystem whereas invasive species is harmful to the ecosystem.

Explanation:

Answer and Explanation:

Invasive is a species of plant or animal that outcompetes other species causing damage to an ecosystem..

Non-native: a species that originated somewhere other than its current location and has been introduced to the area where it now lives..

Non-native species are also called exotic species..

Answer:

Transcribe: GCC CCG ACU

Translate:    Ala    Pro   Thr      

Explanation:

Transcribe: Convert DNA sequences into mRNA sequence

*Remember G=C , C=G , A= U , T=A

Translate: Convert mRNA sequence to corresponding Amino Acid

Answer:Gene and DNA are the two genetic terminologies mainly used to determine the characteristics of a living thing. In general, a gene is a short section of DNA and DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule which carries the genetic instructions or the hereditary materials

Explanation:The difference between DNA and gene are summarized below

Difference between Gene and DNA

Gene DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid

Genes are the DNA stretches which encode for specific proteins. DNA is a biomolecule, which contains genetic information

Regulates the traits of an organism. Regulates gene regulation.

Gene is a specific sequence present on a short stretch of DNA. DNA made up of two long chains of polynucleotides wound together

Genes are made up of either DNA or RNA. DNA is a polymer of nucleotides

A gene is located on a chromosome. DNA is located within the nucleus of the cell.

Are coded with heredity information. Encodes the genetic instructions.

Answer:

Gills and Lungs

Explanation:

Aquatic animals use gills to filter through water, since they need water in their system to survive just as we need air in our system to survive, these two function the same. They both allow the intake and outtake of essential elements

A. transitional epithelium would be found  a. lining of urinary bladder

transitional epithelium is made up of several layer of cell. it is a type of  stratified epithelium tissue. it has a unique property that it is specialised for stretching.  it is mainly found in the lining of urinary bladder. when the bladder  fills with urine, the wall of the bladder stretches to accommodate  large  volume of urine.

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Based on the study of primate ancestors and their morphology, it is generally inferred that the ancestral state for primates had three premolars and a basic ear structure.

How many premolars were present in primates?

Three premolars were present in primates. This is because most primates, both living and extinct, have three premolars, and the basic ear structure is seen in many early primate fossils. However, it is important to note that there may have been some variations in the number of premolars and ear morphology among early primates, and further research is needed to fully understand the ancestral state.

We can infer that the ancestral state for primates likely had a higher number of premolars compared to modern primates, as early primates had more teeth in general. In terms of ear morphology, the ancestral state for primates probably had a less developed outer and middle ear, as these features have evolved over time to improve hearing capabilities in the diverse environments primates occupy.

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