Energetics of Phototransduction During photosynthesis, eight photons must be absorbed (four by each photosystem) for every O2 molecule produced:

2H20 + 2NADP+ +8 photons →+ 2NADPH + 2H+ + O2

Assuming that these photons have a wavelength of 700 nm (red) and that the light absorption and use of light energy are 100% efficient, calculate the free-energy change for.

Gallium (Ga, atomic number = 31) has 3 valence electrons, as indicated by the 4s² 4p¹ configuration. Valence electrons are the electrons located in the outermost energy level or shell of an atom, and they play a crucial role in determining the chemical properties and reactivity of an element.

Gallium's electron configuration is 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p¹. Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost energy level, which in this case is the 4th energy level (4s² 4p¹).

Having three valence electrons, gallium (Ga) belongs to group 13. Therefore, the complete amount of electrons in the 4s and 4p subshells three in all can be lost in a chemical process.

To know more about valence electron: https://brainly.com/question/371590

#SPJ11

Answer

• Hydrogen bromide: dispersion and dipole-dipole

• Bromine: dispersion

• Hypochlorus acid : dispersion, dipole-dipole, hydrogen bond

• Molecular oxygen: dispersion

Procedure

The London dispersion force is a temporary attractive force that results when the electrons are in two adjacent atoms. These are the weakest intermolecular forces and exist between all types of molecules, whether ionic or covalent—polar or nonpolar.

Dipole-dipole: occur between polar molecules when the partially positively charged part of a molecule interacts with the partially negatively charged part of another molecule.

A hydrogen bond: is a special kind of dipole-dipole interaction that occurs specifically between a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom.

Based on the previous:

Hydrogen bromide: dispersion and dipole-dipole

Bromine: dispersion

Hypochlorus acid : dispersion, dipole-dipole, hydrogen bond

Oxygen: dispersion

The standard enthalpy change for reaction (3) is 117.1 kJ.

The standard enthalpy change for reaction (3) can be calculated by using the enthalpy changes of reactions (1) and (2) and applying Hess's Law.

To do this, we need to manipulate the given equations so that the desired reaction (3) can be obtained.

First, we reverse reaction (1) to get the formation of C2H4(g) from C2H6(g):

C2H4(g)C2H6(g) ΔH° = -52.3 kJ

Next, we multiply reaction (2) by 2 and reverse it to obtain 2 moles of C2H6(g) reacting to form 3 moles of H2(g):

2C2H6(g)2C(s) + 3H2(g) ΔH° = 169.4 kJ

Now, we add the two modified equations together:

C2H4(g)C2H6(g) ΔH° = -52.3 kJ
2C2H6(g)2C(s) + 3H2(g) ΔH° = 169.4 kJ

When adding these equations, the C2H6(g) on the left side cancels out with the C2H6(g) on the right side, leaving us with the desired reaction (3):

C2H4(g) + H2(g)C2H6(g) ΔH° = -52.3 kJ + 169.4 kJ = 117.1 kJ

Learn more about standard enthalpy here :-

https://brainly.com/question/28303513

#SPJ11

Answer:

C

Explanation:

the enthalpy of reaction is independent of the reaction path

The statement with related to the Hess's law should be the enthalpy of reaction that does not based on the reactions.

It is also called as the  Hess's law of constant that should be heat summation. In the year 1840 here the heat should be absorbed or it should be evolved or there should be changed in the enthalpy with respect to the chemical reaction that contain the fixed quantity.

Therefore, we can conclude that the option c is correct.

Learn more about current here: https://brainly.com/question/26122702

The concept of molar heat capacity is essential to understanding why large bodies of water can have a significant impact on local climate.

Molar heat capacity refers to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one mole of a substance by one degree Celsius. Water has a high molar heat capacity, which means it can absorb a lot of heat without changing its temperature significantly. This property allows large bodies of water, like oceans and lakes, to act as natural heat sinks, absorbing and releasing heat slowly over time. As a result, areas near large bodies of water tend to have more moderate temperatures than inland areas, where temperature changes occur more rapidly. This effect is known as the "marine" or "lake" effect and can be seen in many coastal and lakefront cities.

The concept of molar heat capacity helps explain why large bodies of water can dramatically affect local climate by describing the amount of heat required to change the temperature of a substance. Molar heat capacity is the heat needed to raise the temperature of one mole of a substance by one degree Celsius. Water has a high molar heat capacity, meaning it can absorb and store a large amount of heat energy without undergoing significant temperature changes.

This property of water allows large bodies, like oceans and lakes, to act as heat reservoirs. They absorb heat during warmer periods and release it slowly during cooler periods, helping to regulate the surrounding air temperature. Consequently, coastal and lake regions experience milder temperatures and reduced temperature fluctuations compared to inland areas. This effect, known as the moderating influence of water, contributes to the formation of local microclimates and plays a significant role in shaping weather patterns in nearby areas.

To know about Heat visit:

https://brainly.com/question/30603212

#SPJ11

Answer:

Chemical change

Explanation:

Because it will be 2 mixtures of each substances making it 1 substance, and 1 change.

Answer:

Mesosphere

Stratosphere

Thermosphere

Troposphere

Exosphere

Explanation:

The exosphere refers to the farthest region of the atmosphere that gradually fades into space.

The troposphere is the lowest layer of atmosphere. It is the layer where weather changes occur.

The thermosphere is right above the mesosphere but just below the exosphere. It is the layer where photoionization/photodissociation of molecules occurs thereby creating ions. This largely owes to interaction of molecules in this layer with ultraviolet radiation.

The stratosphere is composed of gases. Prominent among them is ozone which serves as a blanket against the sun's ionizing radiation.

The mesosphere lies above the stratosphere but just below the thermosphere. Temperature decreases steadily with height in the mesosphere.

The 5 layers of the atmosphere are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere.

The atmosphere has been consisted of the 5 layers that protect the earth. The layers have been present at the height that and each layer has consisted of different constituents.

The layers of the atmosphere can be described as:

The 5 layers of the atmosphere are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere.

For more information about the layer of the atmosphere, refer to the link:

https://brainly.com/question/3517795

8.32 grams of CaCl2 are required to produce 750 ml of a 0.100 M CaCl2 solution.

The number of moles of solute that can dissolve in 1 L of a solution is known as molarity or molar concentration.

Volume of solution (in litres) / Number of solutes (in moles), or

C = n / V

According to the question,

V = 750 ml and C = 0.100 M

Let's convert millilitres to litres for this.

We know 1 L = 1000 ml

Consequently, 750 ml equals (750/1000) L, or 0.75 L.

So, V = 0.75 L

We know that C = n / V

So, n = C x V

n = 0.100 x 0.75 = 0.075

The solute contains n moles in total.

CaCl2 thus has a mole count of 0.075 moles.

In 750 ml of solution, this demonstrates that there are 0.075 moles of CaCl2.

We must know the molar mass of CaCl2 in order to calculate the mass of CaCl2 in grams.

To do this, we must use the periodic table to determine the atomic masses of each atom.

CaCl2 consists of 1 Ca and 2 Cl atoms.

Atomic mass of Ca is 40.08 g and that of Cl is 35.45, so 2 x 35.45 = 70.90 g.

We obtain the mass of CaCl2 in grams by averaging these measurements.

Hence, mass of CaCl2 = 40.08 + 70.90 = 110.98 g

Thus, 110.98 g equals 1 mole of CaCl2.

Therefore, 0.075 moles of CaCl2 will weigh 8.3235 g, which is rounded to 8.32 g, or 0.075 x 110.98 g.

To know about volume

https://brainly.com/question/14710169

#SPJ4

The complete question is

How many grams of calcium chloride will be needed to make 750 mL of a 0.100 M CaCl2 solution?

Answer:

Number of Protons

Explanation:

The number of Protons is always equivalent to the amount of electrons that are on the outside of the atom

The acid associated with \(NH_3\) is \(NH_4^+\), with I- is HI, with \(SO_4^{2-}\) is \(HSO_4^-\), with Cl- is HCl, with OH- is \(H_2O\), and with F- is HF.

1. NH3: It is a base that accepts a hydrogen ion (H+) from an acid. \(NH_3 + H^+ --> NH_4^+\). The acid associated with \(NH_3\) is \(NH_4^+\).

2. I-:  is a base that accepts a hydrogen ion (H+) from an acid. \(I^- + H^+ --> HI\) . The acid associated with I- is HI.

3. \(SO_4^{2-}\) : is a base that accepts a hydrogen ion (H+) from an acid. \(SO_4^{2-} + H^+ --> HSO_4^-\). The acid associated with \(SO_4^{2-}\) is \(HSO_4^-\).

4. Cl-: is a base that accepts a hydrogen ion (H+) from an acid. Its conjugate acid is the species formed when Cl- accepts a hydrogen ion (H+). \(Cl^- + H^+ --> HCl\). The acid associated with Cl- is HCl.

5. OH-: It is a base that accepts a hydrogen ion (H+) from an acid. Its conjugate acid is the species formed when OH- accepts a hydrogen ion (H+). \(OH^- + H^+ --> H_2O\). The acid associated with OH- is \(H_2O\).

6. F-:  It is a base that accepts a hydrogen ion (H+) from an acid. \(F^- + H^+ --> HF\).  The acid associated with F- is HF.

To learn more about acid click here https://brainly.com/question/29796621

#SPJ11

Answer: Yes it can help make cake rise.

Explanation: Its a leavening agent and its a good ingredient for baking.

a) The sphere emits thermal radiation at a rate of 139.75 Watts.

b) The sphere absorbs thermal radiation at a rate of 37.66 Watts.

c) The sphere's net rate of energy exchange is 102.09 Watts.

To calculate the rates of thermal radiation emission and absorption, we can use the Stefan-Boltzmann law, which states that the rate of thermal radiation emitted or absorbed by an object is proportional to its surface area, temperature, and the Stefan-Boltzmann constant.

a) The rate of thermal radiation emitted by the sphere can be calculated using the formula:

Emitting Rate = emissivity * surface area * Stefan-Boltzmann constant * (\(temperature^4 - environment\ temperature^4\))

Plugging in the given values:

Emitting Rate = \(0.924 * (4\pi * (0.457)^2) * 5.67 \times 10^{-8} * ((32.2 + 273.15)^4 - (82.9 + 273.15)^4)\)

Emitting Rate ≈ 139.75 Watts

b) The rate of thermal radiation absorbed by the sphere can be calculated in a similar way but using the environment temperature as the object's temperature:

Absorbing Rate = emissivity * surface area * Stefan-Boltzmann constant * (\(environment\ temperature^4 - temperature^4\))

Plugging in the given values:

Absorbing Rate = \(0.924 * (4\pi * (0.457)^2) * 5.67 \times 10^{-8} * ((82.9 + 273.15)^4 - (32.2 + 273.15)^4)\)

Absorbing Rate ≈ 37.66 Watts

c) The net rate of energy exchange is the difference between the emitting rate and the absorbing rate:

Net Rate = Emitting Rate - Absorbing Rate

Net Rate = 139.75 Watts - 37.66 Watts

Net Rate ≈ 102.09 Watts

Therefore, the sphere emits thermal radiation at a rate of 139.75 Watts, absorbs thermal radiation at a rate of 37.66 Watts, and has a net rate of energy exchange of 102.09 Watts.

Note: The units for all the rates are Watts.

Learn more about thermal radiation emission

brainly.com/question/28517392

#SPJ11

The mass of \(Ag_2CrO_4\) that would be formed will be 2.69 grams.

Mole of 2.5 grams silver nitrate = 2.5/143.32 = 0.017 mol

Mole of 18.0 mL, 0.450 M sodium chromate = 18/1000 x 0.450 = 0.0081

From the balanced equation of the reaction, the mole ratio of silver nitrate to sodium chromate is 2:1. In other words, the sodium chromate is a bit limiting.

The mole ratio of sodium chromate and  \(Ag_2CrO_4\) is 1:1. Hence, the equivalent mole of \(Ag_2CrO_4\) formed would also be 0.0081 mol.

Mass of 0.0081 mol \(Ag_2CrO_4\) = 0.0081 x 331.73

                                                 = 2.69 grams

In other words, the mass of \(Ag_2CrO_4\) formed from the reaction would be 2.68 grams.

More on stoichiometric problems can be found here: https://brainly.com/question/29856106

#SPJ1

Answer:

To solve this problem, we'll need to use stoichiometry and the molar ratios from the balanced chemical equation. Here's how you can calculate the values:

(a) Mass of the lead nitrate sample:

From the balanced equation, we can see that 2 moles of lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) produce 1 mole of oxygen gas (O2). We know that the volume of oxygen gas collected is 112 cm³, which is equal to 112/1000 = 0.112 dm³ (converting cm³ to dm³).

According to the molar volume of gas at STP (22.4 dm³), 1 mole of any gas occupies 22.4 dm³ at STP. Therefore, the number of moles of oxygen gas can be calculated as:

moles of O2 = volume of O2 / molar volume at STP

moles of O2 = 0.112 dm³ / 22.4 dm³/mol = 0.005 mol

Since 2 moles of lead nitrate produce 1 mole of oxygen gas, we can determine the number of moles of lead nitrate as:

moles of Pb(NO3)2 = 2 * moles of O2

moles of Pb(NO3)2 = 2 * 0.005 mol = 0.01 mol

To calculate the mass of the lead nitrate sample, we'll use its molar mass:

mass of Pb(NO3)2 = moles of Pb(NO3)2 * molar mass of Pb(NO3)2

mass of Pb(NO3)2 = 0.01 mol * (207 g/mol + 2 * 14 g/mol + 6 * 16 g/mol)

mass of Pb(NO3)2 = 0.01 mol * 331 g/mol

mass of Pb(NO3)2 = 3.31 g

Therefore, the mass of the lead nitrate sample is 3.31 grams.

(b) Mass of lead(II) oxide produced:

From the balanced equation, we can see that 2 moles of lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) produce 2 moles of lead(II) oxide (PbO). So, the number of moles of PbO produced is equal to the number of moles of Pb(NO3)2.

mass of PbO = moles of PbO * molar mass of PbO

mass of PbO = 0.01 mol * (207 g/mol + 16 g/mol)

mass of PbO = 0.01 mol * 223 g/mol

mass of PbO = 2.23 g

Therefore, the mass of lead(II) oxide produced is 2.23 grams.

(c) Volume of nitrogen dioxide gas produced at STP:

From the balanced equation, we can see that 2 moles of lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) produce 4 moles of nitrogen dioxide gas (NO2). So, the number of moles of NO2 produced is twice the number of moles of Pb(NO3)2.

moles of NO2 = 2 * moles of Pb(NO3)2

moles of NO2 = 2 * 0.01 mol = 0.02 mol

Using the molar volume of gas at STP, we can calculate the volume of nitrogen dioxide gas:

volume of NO2 = moles of NO2 * molar volume at STP

volume of NO2 = 0.02 mol * 22.4 dm³/mol = 0.448 dm³

Therefore, the volume of nitrogen dioxide gas

Answer:

iris is what controls the amount of light  that enters the eye

Explanation:

Answer:

Iris

Explanation:

The Iris opens and closes to control the amount of light entering the eye through the pupil.

Answer:

as water moves into a more narrow space and accelerates causing air to speed up with the tube.

hope this helps ;)

The energy of the photon released by the microwave is 19.86 x 10⁻²⁵ J.

The microwave releases photon of a particular energy.

The energy of the photon is given by,

E = hv

Where,

E is the energy of the photon,

h is the Planck's constant,

v is the frequency of the photon.

The value of the Planck's constant is 6.62 x 10⁻³⁴ m²kg/s

The value of the frequency of the photons released by the microwave is 3 x 10⁹ Hz.

Now, putting the values,

E =  6.62 x 10⁻³⁴ x 3 x 10⁹

E = 19.86 x 10⁻²⁵ J.

The energy of the photon is 19.86 x 10⁻²⁵ J.

To know more about Energy of photon, visit,

https://brainly.com/question/19385998

#SPJ4

Answer: 179 of \(H_2O\) will be produced.

Explanation:

To calculate the moles :

\(\text{Moles of solute}=\frac{\text{given mass}}{\text{Molar Mass}}\)    

\(\text{Moles of} H_2=\frac{20.0g}{2.01g/mol}=9.95moles\)

\(2H_2+O_2(g)\rightarrow 2H_2O\)

According to stoichiometry :

2 moles of \(H_2\) give =  2 moles of \(H_2O\)

Thus 9.95 moles of \(H_2\) will require=\(\frac{2}{2}\times 9.95=9.95moles\)  of \(H_2O\)

Mass of \(H_2O=moles\times {\text {Molar mass}}=9.95moles\times 18g/mol=179g\)

Thus 179 of \(H_2O\) will be produced.

ANSWER

Oxidation reaction

EXPLANATION

In an electrochemical cell, oxidation reaction occurs at the anode. This involves the loses of electrons, the electrons then flow through a wire to the cathode.

At the anode, oxidation reaction will take place

Answer:  3597 kJ of heat

Explanation:

According to ideal gas equation:

\(PV=nRT\)

P = pressure of gas = 5.00 atm

V = Volume of gas = 8.00 L

n = number of moles = ?

R = gas constant =\(0.0821Latm/Kmol\)

T =temperature =\(25.0^0C=(25.0+273)K=298K\)

\(n=\frac{PV}{RT}\)

\(n=\frac{5.00atm\times 8.00L}{0.0821 L atm/K mol\times 298K}=1.63moles\)

As it is given :

1 mole of propane produces = 2220 kJ of heat

Thus 1.63 moles of propane produces = \(\frac{2200}{1}\times 1.63=3597kJ\)

Thus 3597 kJ of heat is produced

Answer:

answer #1 used throughout the world to power devices, appliances and methods of transportation utilized in daily life. To make things operate, electrical energy must be emitted from energy sources such as power plants, to enable an object to consume the power it needs to function. ((if you want to cut it down short use the two first sentences))

answer #2 We get solar heat energy from the sun, and sunlight can also be used to produce electricity from solar

Explanation:

Answer: The answer is 0.0054314469917931, I'm pretty sure.

The empirical formula of the compound is called the formula unit in chemistry. In 1.5 moles of magnesium bromide, \(9.03\times 10^{23}\) formula units are present.

Moles are the measuring units of the molecules, atoms, and other particles of the chemistry. Formula units of any substance can be estimated as the product of the moles and the Avogadros number.

The number of the moles present of the magnesium bromide is 1.5 mol and the value Avogadro number is \(6.02 \times 10^{23}.\)

If 1 mole of the substance contains \(6.02 \times 10^{23}\) formula units, then, formula units in 1.5 moles are:

\(\begin{aligned} & = 1.5 \times 6.02 \times 10 ^{23}\\\\& = 9.03 \times 10^{23} \end{aligned}\)

Therefore, \(9.03 \times 10^{23}\) formula units are present in 1.5 moles of magnesium bromide.

Learn more about formula units here:

https://brainly.com/question/836231

Answer:

Azeotrope

Explanation:

An azeotrope is a liquid mixture that has a constant boiling point and whose vapor has the same composition as the liquid

Another name for constant boiling mixture.

\(\sf\purple{Azeotrope.}\) ✅

\(\large\mathfrak{{\pmb{\underline{\orange{Happy\:learning }}{\orange{!}}}}}\)

The correct name for the molecule C₁₁H₂₄ is 3-ethyl-5-propylhexane (option B).

The molecule C₁₁H₂₄ consists of an eight-carbon chain (octane) with an ethyl group attached at the third carbon and a propyl group attached at the fifth carbon. This gives the molecule a total of eleven carbon atoms, which is why it is called an undecane. The formula C₁₁H₂₄ indicates that there are 24 hydrogen atoms in the molecule (2 for each carbon atom).

Since the molecule has two different types of substituent groups, it is named using the IUPAC system. The names of substituent groups are arranged alphabetically and preceded by a number that indicates the position of the group on the chain. In this case, the ethyl group is at the third position and the propyl group is at the fifth position. Therefore, the name of the molecule is 3-ethyl-5-propylhexane.

Your question is incomplete, but most probably your question was

C₁₁H₂₄

Which of the following is the correct name for the molecule above? group of answer choices

A. 3-ethyl-5-methyloctane

B. 3-ethyl-5-propylhexane

C. 4-methyl-6-ethyloctane

D. 2-propyl-4-ethylhexane

Thus, the correct option is B

Learn more about ethyl group: https://brainly.com/question/32319576

#SPJ11

The dependent  variable is the time taken, the independent variable is the type of paper helicopter and the control is the height from which the paper helicopters are dropped.

The term experiment helps us to decode the relationship between two variables. We have to know that in an experiment we are able to establish cause and effect relationships.

The dependent variable is the variable that is changed owing to the fact that another variable (the independent variable) is manipulated in the experiment.

Now, the dependent  variable is the time taken, the independent variable is the type of paper helicopter and the control is the height from which the paper helicopters are dropped.

Learn more about experiment:https://brainly.com/question/11256472

#SPJ1

The approximate difference in the concentration of hydrogen ions between the two solutions is 8.7.

pH is the measure of how acidic and basic a liquid is. The full form of pH is potential hydrogen.

By the formula of pH

pH = -log [H +]

\([H^+] = 2 \times 10 ^ -^9\)

\(pH = -log (2 \times10 ^ -^9)\)

pH = 8.7

Thus, the pH difference is 8.7.

Learn more about pH, here:

https://brainly.com/question/15289741