how do you distinguish between rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Answers
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of flattened sacs and tubules found in eukaryotic cells that plays a crucial role in protein and lipid synthesis.
There are two types of ER, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). The main distinguishing feature between RER and SER is the presence or absence of ribosomes, respectively. Ribosomes are small, spherical structures made up of RNA and proteins that are responsible for protein synthesis. RER has ribosomes attached to its surface, giving it a rough appearance, while SER lacks ribosomes and appears smooth.
RER is involved in protein synthesis and modification, particularly for proteins destined for export from the cell or for use in the cell membrane. SER, on the other hand, is involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification of drugs and toxins, and calcium storage. Additionally, SER is more prevalent in cells that produce and secrete steroid hormones, such as the cells of the ovaries and testes.
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Related Questions
Experiments Explain the 4 properties of water shown in this picture
Explanation
Answers
alloantibodies to blood-vessel endothelium on solid organ grafts _____.
Answers
Alloantibodies to blood-vessel endothelium on solid organ grafts can lead to a process called antibody-mediated rejection (AMR).
When a solid organ transplant, such as a kidney or heart, is performed, there is a risk that the recipient's immune system may recognize the transplanted organ as foreign and mount an immune response. Alloantibodies are antibodies produced by the recipient's immune system that specifically target and attack the antigens present on the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels of the transplanted organ.The binding of alloantibodies to the endothelium can trigger a series of immune responses, leading to inflammation, tissue damage, and ultimately rejection of the organ.This process is known as antibody-mediated rejection. It is characterized by the activation of the complement system, recruitment of immune cells, and injury to the graft's blood vessels.
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Newton’s second law of motion describes the relationship among force, mass, and acceleration. Write the equation.
Help me please
Answers
Answer:
f=ma
is the equation for this. plug all your data into the equation.
Of the six molecules of g3p formed in the calvin cycle, how many are exported from the chloroplast to be used by the plant cell?.
Answers
But each turn makes two G3Ps, thus three turns make six G3Ps. One is exported while the remaining five G3P molecules remain in the cycle and are used to regenerate RuBP, which enables the system to prepare for more CO2 to be fixed. Three more molecules of ATP are used in these regeneration reactions.
What is Calvin cycle ?The Calvin cycle, also known as the biosynthetic phase, the dark reactions, the light-independent reactions, or the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle, is a set of chemical processes that turns carbon dioxide and hydrogen-carrier molecules into glucose.
Plants and algae employ the Calvin cycle to convert atmospheric carbon dioxide into the sugar that autotrophs require to grow. The Calvin cycle is essential to all life on Earth. The Calvin cycle provides energy and food for plants.Learn more about Calvin cycle here:
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acd is the answer to this multiple choice question
Answers
Answer:
where is the question?
Explanation:
Study this image.
Earth apostrophe s crust. Arrows show movement from middle toward opposing sides, creating a separation.
Which statement correctly explains what is happening in the image?
A volcano is forming.
Plates are converging.
A rift valley is forming.
A transform boundary is occurring.
Answers
Answer:
C.) A rift valley is forming
Explanation:
Because one is a ocean plate, and one is a "land plate" and they are pulling apart, which forms a rift valley.
Answer: it's C. A rift valley is forming
Explanation: I got it right on edge 2021
How are meiosis and mitosis different?
'FREE BRAINLIEST INCLUDED'
Answers
Answer:
a is the write answer
Explanation:
Hope that helps :)
A
Step 1
Step 2 C-C-C
C-C-C
What is the name of the process that transforms
the molecule in step 1 above to the molecule in
step 2?
C-C-C-C-C-C
Aerobic
respiration
B
Glycolysis
C
Hydrolysis
Answers
The transformation of the six carbon sugar in step 1 to the three carbon sugar in step 2 is called glycolysis.
What is glycolysis?The term glycolysis has to do with the splitting of a six carbon sugar into two molecules of a three carbon sugars. These molecules of three carbon sugars are called pyruvates.
Thus, the process that involves the transformation of the six carbon sugar in step 1 to the three carbon sugar in step 2 is called glycolysis.
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Hemoglobin binds to oxygen in the presence of protons. Briefly describe what happens when the pH in the solution decreases (starting pH is 7.4), and how this affects hemoglobin’s binding affinity to oxygen?
Answers
Hemoglobin binds to oxygen in the presence of protons. When the pH in the solution decreases, the hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen reduces. This process is known as the Bohr effect.
The hemoglobin molecule consists of four subunits, each containing an iron atom that binds to an oxygen molecule. The binding of oxygen to hemoglobin is influenced by several factors, including pH. The binding affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen is reduced as the pH of the solution decreases. This process is known as the Bohr effect.The Bohr effect is a phenomenon in which an increase in acidity (decrease in pH) or an increase in carbon dioxide concentration causes a decrease in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. When hemoglobin binds to oxygen in the lungs, the pH is higher, resulting in a stronger bond between hemoglobin and oxygen. In peripheral tissues, where oxygen is needed, metabolic activity produces protons and carbon dioxide, resulting in a decrease in pH. This change in pH results in the release of oxygen from hemoglobin in the tissues, where it is needed for respiration.
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Two short-tailed cats are bred together. They produce three kittens with long tails, five short tails, and two without any tails. a. From these results, how is tail length in these cats inherited? b. Write out the genotypes paired with the matching phenotypes for the offspring to support your answer.
Answers
Answer:
a) Cats show incomplete dominance which means the kitten can be born with full length tails, short length tails and without tails.
b) The genotype of the parent will be heterozygous (Tt ) and the kittens will be:
Genotype | Fenotype
-TT | (long tail)
-Tt | (short tail)
-tt | (no tail).
Does DNA contains all the genetic information within an organism ? True or false
Answers
Answer:
DNA does contain all genetic information within an organism I believe?
Answer:
True
Explanation:
An organism's complete set of nuclear DNA is called its genome. Besides the DNA located in the nucleus, humans and other complex organisms also have a small amount of DNA in cell structures known as mitochondria. Mitochondria generate the energy the cell needs to function properly.
which microscope is used to observe viruses and the internal structure of thinly sectioned cells? which microscope is used to observe viruses and the internal structure of thinly sectioned cells? transmission electron microscope fluorescence microscope brightfield microscope darkfield microscope scanning electron microscope
Answers
A transmission electron microscope is used to observe viruses and the internal structure of thinly sectioned cells.
Laboratory microscopes investigate tiny objects. Microscopy examines small objects and structures with a microscope. Microscopic implies invisible without a microscope.
Different microscopes can be grouped. One approach to illustrate how an instrument interacts with a sample and produces images is by delivering a beam of light or electrons through a sample in its optical path, detecting photon emissions from a sample, or scanning over and a short distance from a sample's surface with a probe.
The optical microscope, the first invented, employs lenses to refract visible light through a thinly sectioned sample to create an image. Fluorescence microscopes, electron microscopes (both transmission and scanning), and scanning probe microscopes are all common microscopes.
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Which of the statements most accurately describes the benefits of the proofreading function of DNA polymerase?
a. DNA polymerase is always present in the nucleus and can repair all mutations when they occur.
b. All DNA mutations can be detected and repaired during DNA replication.
c. DNA polymerase can repair most mutations as they occur during DNA replication.
d. DNA polymerase can be recruited to recently mutated sites to repair mutations.
Answers
Statement c is the most accurate description of the benefits of proofreading by DNA polymerase.
A DNA polymerase belongs to a family of enzymes that facilitates the synthesis of DNA molecules from nucleoside triphosphates. This enzyme adds nucleotides to a DNA strand's three prime (3')-end position.
During replication, this enzyme connects nucleotides to create a new DNA strand. It also proofreads the new DNA strand and checks for any error or mutation. If detected, this helps to repair that error.
They can correct most of the mutations. But some mutations can escape and survive them. Therefore, not all mutations can be repaired by this enzyme.
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What is the term for a male sheep that can be a
father?
Answers
Answer:
ram
Explanation:
some help at this??
if you dont see it its polination,fertilization,germination
Answers
Answer:
Pollination: Pollen, Fruit, bees, wind, animals
Fertilization: Ovule, ovary, seed, pistil,
Germination: New plant, ripe, grain
Explanation:
what is the realignment of minerals are called?
Answers
Answer: the realignment of minerals is called METAMPORPHISM
in rocks
Explanation: hope this helps if u need more explanation comment in the comment section
A male with the condition has four children with a female who is a carrier. What are the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring? Include a Punnett square to support your answer.
Answers
Genotypic ratio: 1:1 (Aa: aa): half affected and half carriers. phenotypic ratio: 1:1 (carrier: affected) - Carriers and affected individuals make up equal numbers.
What are the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring?We ought to take into consideration the inheritance pattern of the condition as well as the genotypes of the guardians in arrange to expect the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the sibling.
The male with the condition would have the genotype "aa," and the female with the condition would have the genotype "Aa," in the event that the condition could be a latent hereditary clutter.
We can cross the male genotype (aa) with the female genotype (Aa) using a Punnett square:
| A | a | ------------ A | aa | aa | ------------
From the Punnett square, we can observe the following:
chromosomal ratio:
The genotype "Aa" (carriers) is expected to be present in two out of four offspring, or fifty percent.
The genotype "aa" (affected by the condition) is expected to be present in two out of four offspring (50 percent).
phenotypic Ratio :
It is anticipated that two out of four offspring, or 50%, will be carriers (phenotypically unaffected).
2 out of 4 (half) posterity are supposed to be impacted by the condition.
As a result, the anticipated genotypic ratio is one-to-one (Aa: aa), and the anticipated ratio of phenotypes is also 1:1 (carrier: affected).
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How do cells use oxygen during cellular respiration?
A. To store chemical energy
B. To break down chlorophyll molecules
C. To produce sugar molecules
D. To break down sugar molecules
Answers
Answer:
the answer is D.) to break down sugar molecules
Why are proteins considered organic molecules?
a. They are very large molecules
b. They are macromolecules
c. They are made from many carbon atoms
d. They contain many oxygen atoms
Answers
Answer:
C. They are made from many carbon atoms
Explanation:
What are challenges amphibians had to overcome when adapting to a life on land?
Answers
When amphibians transitioned from an aquatic to a terrestrial lifestyle, they faced several challenges that required adaptations for survival:
Desiccation: Land environments have lower humidity levels compared to water, leading to an increased risk of dehydration. Respiratory Adaptations: Amphibians primarily respire through their skin, which is efficient in water but less effective on land.Amphibians are a diverse group of vertebrate animals that are characterized by their ability to live both in water and on land. They include familiar creatures such as frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts. Amphibians typically undergo a metamorphosis during their life cycle, starting as aquatic larvae and later transforming into adults adapted for life on land.
These fascinating creatures possess a number of unique adaptations that allow them to thrive in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. They have permeable skin that can absorb water and oxygen, enabling gas exchange without relying solely on lungs. However, this also makes them susceptible to environmental changes, such as pollution and habitat destruction.
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Which object couldn't be viewed from Earth's surface without a telescope?
Answers
There are several objects in space that cannot be viewed from Earth's surface without the aid of a telescope. One such object is the planet Neptune.
Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun in our solar system, and its distance from Earth makes it too faint and small to be seen with the eye. The use of a telescope is necessary to observe Neptune and its features. Without a telescope, Neptune would appear as a mere point of light, indistinguishable from the surrounding stars. Telescopes enable us to magnify and resolve the image of distant celestial objects, allowing us to explore and study the wonders of the universe beyond what is visible to the our eye.
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Fill in the following table:
Table 1: Number of Events for each Era
Era
Number of Events
Precambrian
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic
Total
Answers
Answer:
yes
Explanation:
the punnett square on p. 70 of your lab manual shows the genotypes of two parents for trait r. use this punnett square to answer the questions in this exercise. trait r is the mendelian trait in humans for tongue rolling. the allele for the ability to roll the tongue (r) is dominant over the allele for the inability to roll the tongue (r). what is the mother's genotype? group of answer choices
Answers
The genotypes of two parents for trait r is the mendelian trait in humans for tongue rolling. the allele for the ability to roll the tongue (r) is dominant over the allele for the inability to roll the tongue (r). The mother's genotype The mother is heterozygous (Rr) for the tongue-rolling trait.
There are two main types of genotypes that is homozygous and heterozygous. If an organism is homozygous for a gene, referred that they inherit two of the same versions of the gene. If an organism has a heterozygous genotype, referred that they inherit two different versions of a gene.
Genotype referred to the genetic makeup of an organism which described about an organism's complete set of genes. It is used to refer to the variant forms of a genes that are carried by an organism. The ability to roll the tongue is dominant over the allele for the inability to roll the tongue.
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Which of the reactions below modifies DNA, which subsequently makes the gene more difficult to be expressed? 1. More methylation in the promoter region II. No or less methylation in the promoter region III. More acetylation on the histone proteins to loosen the interaction between the DNA and histone proteins IV. Less acetylation on the histone proteins to loosen the interaction between the DNA and histone proteins V. Transcription a.V b. III c.IV d. II e. I
Answers
IV. More methylation in the promoter region and less acetylation on the histone proteins both lead to tighter interaction between DNA and histone proteins, making the gene more difficult to be expressed.
On the other hand, no or less methylation in the promoter region and more acetylation on the histone proteins loosen the interaction and make the gene more accessible for transcription.
However, the question specifically asks for the reaction that modifies DNA, and methylation and acetylation are both modifications of histone proteins, not DNA itself. Transcription is not a modification of DNA, it is the process of converting DNA into RNA.
Therefore, the correct answer is IV, more acetylation on the histone proteins to loosen the interaction between the DNA and histone proteins.
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Eknwnwnenenenenebrbrbrbrbbrbrbrbrbebrbrbbebebebwbebebebebebw
Answers
The answer is:
b
step by step
This part of the nucleus is the "noodle soup" form of DNA.
helppp
Answers
Answer:
I think it's chromosome.
Explanation:
A chromosome looks roughly like an X, but it does not maintain it's form. IT floats around and stuff. That's why I think it's chromosome.
which types of posttranslational modifications a newly synthesized protein may undergo?addition of amino acidsacetylationproteolysisaddition of hydrophobic groupsphosphorylation
Answers
A newly synthesized protein may undergo several types of posttranslational modifications, which can affect its structure, stability, activity, and localization.
One such modification is the addition of amino acids, such as glycosylation or lipidation, which can alter the protein's properties or interactions with other molecules. Another common modification is acetylation, which can occur on lysine residues and regulate protein folding, stability, and localization. Proteolysis is also a common modification, where a protease cleaves the protein into smaller fragments or removes specific amino acid residues to activate or inactivate the protein. Addition of hydrophobic groups, such as fatty acids or isoprenoids, can also anchor the protein to cell membranes or other lipid structures. Finally, phosphorylation, which involves the addition of a phosphate group to specific amino acid residues, can regulate protein activity, interactions, and localization by affecting its conformation or binding partners. Overall, these posttranslational modifications provide a level of complexity and diversity to the proteome and are essential for proper protein function.
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The B locus has two alleles B and b with frequencies of 0.8 and 0.2, respectively, in a population in the current generation. The genotypic fitnesses at this locus are WBB = 1.0, web = 1.0 and wbb = 0.0. a. What will the frequency of the b allele be in the next generation? b. What will the frequency of the b allele be in two generations? c. What will the frequency of the b allele be in two generations if the fitnesses are: WBB = 1.0, WBb = 0.0 and Wbb = 0.0. d. Why is the difference between answers in questions 6b and 6c so large?
Answers
The frequency of the b allele in the next generation will be 0.267 ,the frequency of the b allele in two generations will be 0.071, the frequency of the b allele in two generations with given fitnesses will be 0.4 and the difference between answers in 6b and 6c is large due to the change in fitness values for the heterozygous genotype (WBb).
We can use the Hardy-Weinberg equation and selection to find the allele frequencies in the next generations. First, we calculate the average fitness (w) of the population using the given fitness values and allele frequencies. Then, we apply the selection and find the new allele frequencies for the next generation.
For parts a and b, we follow the same process with the same fitness values for both generations. However, for part c, we use the new fitness values for the heterozygous genotype (WBb = 0.0), which dramatically changes the results.
The frequency of the b allele in future generations depends on the fitness values of the different genotypes. The difference between the two scenarios (6b and 6c) highlights the importance of considering selection and fitness when predicting allele frequencies in a population.
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Which statement describes one feature of chemical changes? They never change a substance’s properties. They change a substance’s identity. They can usually be reversed. They keep a substance’s arrangement of atoms the same.
Answers
They change a substance’s identity.
Answer:
They change a substance’s identity.
Explanation:
Consider an alpha helix, which amino acid pair can not be within 3-4 amino acids of each other?
a. Lys and ala
b. Ala and gly
c. asp and glu
d. his and glu
Answers
In an alpha-helix alanine and glycine amino acid pair can not be within 3-4 amino acids of each other, hence option B is correct.
Glycine (gly) is exceedingly tiny (achiral, missing a carbon; thus, free of numerous steric restrictions); as a result, it destabilises alpha-helices by creating bends in the chains, resulting in severe conformation mobility (thus; entropically costly).
Glycine is a kind of amino acid. Glycine can be produced by the body on its own, but it is also obtained from nutrition. Meat, seafood, dairy, and legumes are all good sources.
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