Radiocarbon Dating - Calculus, Growth Functions
(11) Scientists can determine the age of ancient objects by the method of radiocarbon dating. The bombardment of the
upper atmosphere by cosmic rays converts nitrogen to a radioactive isotope of carbon, C, with a half-life of about
5730 years. Vegetation absorbs carbon dioxide through the atmosphere and animal life assimilates C through food
chains. When a plant or animal dies, it stops replacing its carbon and the amount of C begins to decrease through
radioactive decay. Therefore the level of radioactivity must also decay exponentially.
A parchment fragment was discovered that had about 74% as much C radioactivity as does plant material on the earth today. Estimate the age of the parchment.

Answers

Answer 1

The parchment is around 3032.49 years old.

Given:

Fraction of C radioactivity in Parchment = 74%

Fraction of C radioactivity in the present plant material = 100%

Half-life period of carbon = 5730 years

To estimate the age of parchment we can use the formula of exponential decay. Where, A(t) = amount of carbon present at a time 't'A(0) = amount of carbon present at t = 0k = decay constant/half-life period of carbon

Using the formula of exponential decay we can find the value of decay constant

(k)k = ln(2)/5730years => 1.210^-4/year

Now, applying the formula of exponential decay, we get A(t) = A(0) e^(-kt)

Now, we need to find the age of parchment, t such that A(t) = 0.74 A(0) .We know that A(t) = A(0) e^(-kt)0.74 A(0) = A(0) e^(-k t)0.74 = e^(-kt)Taking logarithm on both sides, we getln(0.74) = -kt => t = -ln(0.74)/k = 3032.49 years Approximately

The parchment is around 3032.49 years old.

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Related Questions

Obviously the Silk Road was an important way to trade goods and connect Asia to the rest of the world. The Silk Road was one of the first major trade routes in the world and has had an impact on trade today. Fill out the chart below that compares trade today to trade during the Silk Road. Please have seven total examples (you must have at least one in each category) in the Venn Diagram.

Obviously the Silk Road was an important way to trade goods and connect Asia to the rest of the world.

Answers

The assignment requires a comparison between "The Silk Road" and Global Trade today. Here is how they compare.

What are the similarities, Contrasts, and Uniqueness of "The Silk Road" and  "The Belt Road Initiative"?

Differences are as follows:

The Silk Road route comprised: the Great Wall of China, via the Pamirs, Afghanistan, the Levant, and Anatolia It was around 4,000 kilometers long (more than 6,400 km).Global Trade Route comprises:The English Channel.Strait of Malacca.Panama Canal.Suez Canal.The South and East China Seas.Strait of Hormuz.Strait of Gibraltar.etc

Both

Both routes were the epitome of global trade. It was then as it is now dominated by China.

Uniqueness

The uniqueness of  Global Trade today is that Global trade today is much more efficient and wide-reaching leveraging technology and various multiple integrations of information systems from different parts of the world with 80% on the ocean.

The Silk Road was of course traveled by Camel over land.

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Which emotion is roosevelt most likely trying to create in this passage from his four freedoms speech.

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Answer: The emotion that Roosevelt is most likely trying to create in this passage from his Four Freedoms speech is :A) Fear that the enemy is trying to take away our freedom.Four Freedoms speechThe emotion that Roosevelt is most likely trying to create in this passage from his Four Freedoms speech is the fear that the enemy is trying to take away our freedom.Roosevelt's 1941 State of the Union Address, commonly known as the “Four Freedoms” speech.In it he verbalized a capable vision for a world in which all individuals had opportunity of discourse and of religion, and opportunity from need and fear.Thus, the correct answer is A.Learn more about "Roosevelt": brainly.com/question/8949744?referrer=searchResults

Sentencing and Execution of Nazi War Criminals 1. What defenses did the accused men use against the charges of murder?

Answers

Answer:

Superior Orders

Explanation:

After the Second World War, several German officers were taken to trial which famously known as Nuremberg Trials. The trials brought Nazi officers against war crimes, along with breaking the peace. There were 13 trials in Nuremberg to bring Nazi officials to punish for their work. In defence against the charges, German officers used superior orders. Superior orders is a plea in court that should not be considered guilty of committing actions.

what's 3 *3
I lost it​

Answers

Answer: 9

Explanation:

3 times 3 =9

which is equal to 9

Answer:9 good luck I hope this helps

Explanation:

3•3

Multiply the numbers

9

How did the chinese government respond to the protests?.

Answers

The Chinese government responded to the protests by declaring martial law and using military force to suppress the demonstrations.

The protests in question were the 1989 pro-democracy demonstrations in Beijing's Tiananmen Square. The Chinese government initially attempted to negotiate with the protesters, but ultimately resorted to using force to end the protests. On June 4, 1989, the military was deployed and used tanks and other weaponry to clear the square.

The exact number of casualties remains unknown, but it is believed that hundreds or even thousands of people were killed or injured in the crackdown. Following the protests, the Chinese government also arrested and imprisoned many of the protest leaders and participants. The events at Tiananmen Square have had a lasting impact on China's political and social landscape, and remain a sensitive and controversial topic in the country.

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What was the Monroe Doctrine?

Answers

Answer:

principal of US policy created by James Monroe in 1823 intervention by external powers in politics is considered a hostile act

Focusing upon the major policy actions and political fights of their respective administrations, compare and contrast the ideological similarities or differences of Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson. Can Jackson's policies be understood through a Republican ideological framework? Why or why not?

Answers

Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson had differing opinions and beliefs when it came to policies and political battles during their respective administrations. They also had contrasting political ideologies.

Here's a rundown of their similarities and differences in terms of policy actions and political fights: Thomas Jefferson's Ideology and Policy Actions: Jefferson had a belief in limited government and was opposed to a strong central government. His presidency was marked by the following policies and political fights:- The Louisiana Purchase, where he authorized the purchase of Louisiana from France- The Embargo Act, which was an economic measure to restrict trade with foreign countries- He supported agrarianism and was against urbanization and industrialization.

Andrew Jackson's Ideology and Policy Actions: Jackson, on the other hand, had a different ideology compared to Jefferson. Jackson believed in a stronger central government and advocated for the common man. His presidency was marked by the following policies and political fights:-

The Indian Removal Act, which led to the forced relocation of Native Americans- The Nullification Crisis, which was a fight between the federal government and the state of South Carolina over the right to nullify federal laws- Jackson was in favor of manifest destiny and expansionism, which led to the annexation of Texas.

Yes, Jackson's policies can be understood through a Republican ideological framework. Jackson was the founder of the Democratic Party, which was also known as the Jacksonian Democracy. The Democratic Party was established as a reaction against the policies of John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay. The party was built upon the principles of limited government, individual liberty, and the idea of the common man. Jackson's policies of expanding the power of the executive branch, states' rights, and popular sovereignty were in line with the principles of the Democratic-Republican Party, which was founded by Thomas Jefferson.

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Did modernization have an overall positive impact on the development of the Middle East after World War I, or did it have an overall negative impact? Briefly explain, providing support for your answer.

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The impact of modernization on the development of the Middle East after World War I is a complex issue that is open to interpretation. However, many scholars argue that the overall impact was negative, due to a combination of factors such as colonialism, political instability, and economic inequality.

One of the key factors that contributed to the negative impact of modernization was colonialism. Many countries in the Middle East were colonized by European powers, which often led to the exploitation of natural resources and the suppression of local cultures and traditions. This had long-lasting effects on the region, leading to political and social instability that continues to this day.

Another factor that contributed to the negative impact of modernization was political instability. The creation of new states in the wake of World War I, such as Iraq and Syria, was marked by political turmoil, including coups and civil wars. This instability hindered the development of stable political institutions and contributed to the region's ongoing political instability.

Finally, economic inequality also contributed to the negative impact of modernization in the Middle East. While modernization brought about some economic benefits, such as the growth of the oil industry, it also exacerbated inequality, with a small elite benefiting at the expense of the wider population. This inequality led to widespread poverty and contributed to social and political unrest.

In conclusion, while modernization had some positive impacts on the development of the Middle East after World War I, such as the growth of the oil industry, the overall impact was negative due to factors such as colonialism, political instability, and economic inequality. These issues continue to plague the region today, highlighting the ongoing impact of modernization on the Middle East.

explain one reason that the mughal leasers constructed impressive buildings for worship and as memorials during the period of 1450

Answers

Answer:  To respect rulers, impressive architectural monuments have been built.

As a memorial to the wife of Shah Jahan, the Taj Mahal was built. The Taj Mahal was one of the finest architectural achievements that merged with the arts and demonstrated respect for others.

Mughal Empire: Another Turkish ethnic group was the Mughals. They asserted Genghis Khan ancestry (Mughal is a Persian term for Mongol). They established a powerful, centralized empire with a bureaucracy, much like the Ottomans, by relying on a military elite that was armed with firearms.

They grew towards the south and united a large portion of the Indian subcontinent, ruling over an empire dominated by Hindus. As a result, the rulers and the subjects were split according to religion.

Akbar, the most well-known Mughal emperor, tried to heal this rift by enforcing a tolerance policy. He wed Hindu princesses without requiring them to become Christians. Government positions were assigned to Hindus.

Ottoman Empire: The Ottomans were originally nomadic Turkish people made up of violent and warlike tribes that pillaged farmers. The Ottomans had space to establish themselves as a strong empire after the Mongols destroyed the Seljuks.

The Byzantine Empire was included in the Ottoman conquests, which ended in Constantinople's surrender in 1453. In Anatolia, a large number of former Byzantines embraced Islam. Many Balkans people still identify as Christians. Orthodox temples could continue to exist.

The majority of Christians within the Empire were free to practice their religion despite their territorial disputes with Christian Europe. Minorities such as Jews, Christians, and others could establish independent communities with their civil laws and traditions.

Russian Empire: The Russians began a period of geographical expansion and political change during this time after escaping Mongol rule. To make up for their lack of progress in comparison to the West, they started an intensive campaign of westernization.

The forced adoption of European culture by the Russian aristocracy led to a stark cultural divide between the upper class and the lower class, which only served to intensify the already existing social tensions between serfs and nobles.

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after taking over the sncc, how did activist stokely carmichael's goals of black power, which became the foundation of this organization, differ from martin luther king jr.'s initial goals in the struggle for civil rights?

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On October 29, 1966, he delivered a speech titled "Black Power. Stokely Carmichael changed many people's minds and demonstrated what it means to have equal rights.

Stokely Carmichael  main goal in delivering the speech was to persuade and encourage blacks to protest segregation. He wanted whites to understand that being treated differently because of their skin colour was unjust. Because we are black, we are oppressed." Stokely said this because he wanted people to understand that blacks were all lumped together simply because they were black. Apart from the fact that they were black, there was no reason to dislike them. Society and what other people thought manipulated people's minds. Many whites regarded black men and women with contempt, never getting to know them for who they truly were. Stokely Carmichael urged the people to recognise that everyone, not just white men, had value in America. Many people were persuaded to change their minds as a result of this. Some people realised it wasn't fair, but not everyone. When whites refused to change their minds, many fights erupted.

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What is the importance of Fort Mose?

Answers

Answer:

Established in 1738, Fort Mose was the first free black settlement in what is now the United States.

St. Augustine, Florida, Fort Mose played an important role in the development of colonial North America.

Explanation:

What is Adam Clayton Powell childhood???

Answers

Answer:

Childhood & Early Life

Adam Clayton Powell Jr. was born on November 29, 1908, in New Haven, Connecticut to Adam Clayton Powell Senior and Mattie Buster Shaffer. Both his parents were of mixed racial origin and because of that young Powell was born with light complexion, blond hair and hazel eyes. He also had a sister, named Blanche, ten years his senior.

Immediately after the birth of his son, Adam Clayton Powell Sr. became the pastor of the Abyssinian Baptist Church, located at Harlem. Consequently, the family shifted to Harlem and eventually settled there. Though born poor Adam Sr. had worked his way up and consequently, Adam Junior grew up in comfortable surroundings.

Adam Junior passed out from Townsend Harris High School and enrolled at City College of New York. However, he spent much of time having fun and attending nightclubs. Hearing this, his father took him out of the college and put him in Colgate University as a freshman.

Adam Jr. graduated from Colgate University in 1930 with a BA degree. He next joined Columbia University and in 1933, he earned his MA in Religious Education from there. He then joined Shaw University and graduated from there in 1934.

7) What crisis did FDR face during his presidency?

Answers

Answer: The Great Depression

Explanation:

Answer:

the Great Depression, the worst economic crisis in U.S. history.

Explanation:

Hope this helped!!!

What happened following the investigation of president Clinton

Answers

he was impeached because he was lying under oath

How was the enlightenment effected by gender discrimination?

Answers

Explanation:

How was the enlightenment effected by gender discrimination?

While women in England and France gained arguably more freedom than their counterparts in other countries, the role of women in the Enlightenment was typically reserved for those of middle and also the upper-class families, were then allowed and able to access money to join societies

Which group of Americans largely did not come to America by choice?

Answers

The African Americans

Is this statement true or false? after the emancipation proclamation, the freeing of the slaves became one of the north's goals of the war.

Answers

This statement is true. The Emancipation Proclamation was issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, during the Civil War.

What does this proclamation do?

This proclamation declared that all slaves in the Confederate states would be set free, and it signaled the Union's commitment to ending slavery.

From that point forward, the freeing of the slaves became one of the North's primary goals in the war. While there were other issues at play in the conflict, including states' rights and economic factors, the abolition of slavery was a key issue that helped to define the Union's position.

The Emancipation Proclamation was a pivotal moment in American history, and it helped to pave the way for the eventual end of slavery in the United States.

Hence, its true.

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when did the FFA and the NFA merge

Answers

Answer:

noshe

Explanation:

Answer:

The FFA and the NFA merged in 1965, NFA merged with with FFA, increasing FFA membership by more than 50,000.

Which two people would be eligible to serve as president?
A 29-year-old person who was born and grew up in Argentina
A 50-year-old person who was born and grew up in Minnesota
A 45-year-old person who was born in Iowa and has lived in Japan since early childhood
A 60-year-old person who was born in the United States and lived in Europe for five years
A 40-year-old person who has only lived in the United States for the past seven years

Answers

Answer:

The 50 year old and the 60 year old

Explanation:

According to Article II of the U.S. Constitution, the president must be a natural-born citizen of the United States, be at least 35 years old, and have been a resident of the United States for 14 years.

Explain how the words in the cartoon clarify one of the symbols?

Explain the message of the cartoon.

Why might big business owners disagree with the cartoon’s message?

What groups or individuals might agree with the cartoon’s Message? Why?

Explain how the words in the cartoon clarify one of the symbols?Explain the message of the cartoon. Why

Answers

The words in the cartoon clarify one of the symbols as a monopoly.

The message of the cartoon is how a monopoly controls the whole market.

The big business owners disagree with the cartoon’s message of controlling the market as it presents them negatively among people.

Small-scale business groups or individuals might agree with the cartoon’s Message.

A company that has a monopoly is one that lacks substitutes for its product in the market and faces no competition from them. Monopolies can impose price changes and put obstacles in the way of competitors entering the market.

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Pleaseee helpp asap Describe the French economic and political system that caused the creation of the Declaration of the Rights
of Man and Citizen.

Answers

Answer:

Monarchy

Explanation:

Similar to how the Declaration of Independence was written to free the American colonies from Great Britain and their ruler King George III, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was written to free them from King Louis XVI.

The Germans had expected the allies to cross the___ and were surprised by the landings at Normandy.

Answers

Answer:

bridge

Explanation:


Why did the French people support Napoleon Bonaparte?

Answers

Answer:

The economy was crashing and France was the target of invasion to end the revolution. The possitive news was the victories of Napoleon in Italy the during the Egyptian campaign the directory was highly unpopular allowing for Napoleon to sneak back and seize control

what r the choices?

Who do you think was the most successful Pharaoh we learned about? Why? What made them successful? Explain your answer in a full paragraph. (At least 5 sentences)

Answers

Ramses II, additionally referred to as Ramesses the Great, is frequently seemed because the greatest, maximum celebrated, and maximum effective pharaoh of the Egyptian Empire.

He became the only who became essentially king. All he did became rule and command armies. He additionally became answerable for all of the ceremonies that had been performed again then. Without the pharaoh the Egyptians would not have a frontrunner for them to follow. the maximum well-known pharaoh of all time is King Tutankhamun.

He was the most successful Pharaoh. He ascended the throne on the soft age of 9 or 10 however his reign best lasted from 1332 BC to 1323 BC. Although the younger king brought many non secular reforms he became now no longer nicely famend for his achievements as a ruler.

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Do you go to school at JT Moore Middle?

If so, are you in sixth grade?

Ask a teacher for help

Why is the philipines considered rich in natural resources

Answers

The natural resources in the Philippines are abundant. Numerous products, including coconut, copra, bananas, pineapples, sugar, gum, resins, and rubber, are produced on its fertile soil.

explain three features in common to each of these 4 ancient civilizations: mesopotamian, indian, chinese, and egyptian

Answers

There are several features that the Mesopotamian, Indian, Chinese, and Egyptian civilizations have in common are Writing Systems , Religion ,  Agriculture


Writing Systems: All four of these ancient civilizations developed their own writing systems. The Mesopotamians used cuneiform, the Indians used Sanskrit, the Chinese used logographic script, and the Egyptians used hieroglyphics.

Religion: Each of these civilizations had their own religious beliefs and practices.

The Mesopotamians believed in a pantheon of gods and goddesses, the Indians practiced Hinduism, the Chinese practiced ancestor worship, and the Egyptians believed in a variety of gods and goddesses and believed in an afterlife.

Agriculture: All four of these civilizations relied heavily on agriculture for their economies. The Mesopotamians grew crops such as wheat and barley, the Indians grew rice and other grains, the Chinese grew rice and millet, and the Egyptians grew wheat, barley, and other crops.



These are just a few of the features that these ancient civilizations have in common. There are many other similarities between these civilizations, but these are some of the most significant.

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who are military forces ....what are their duty?​

who are military forces ....what are their duty?

Answers

Answer:

The Armed Forces have four main tasks; To assert the territorial integrity of India. To defend the country if attacked by a foreign nation. To support the civil community in case of disasters (e.g. flooding).

Answer:

the combined military, naval, and air forces of a nation is called military forces. the combined military, naval, and air forces of a nation is called military forces. their duties are commanding, training and leading others.

How did the Spanish-American war aid the U.S. in becoming a global power?

Answers

Answer:The Spanish-American War of 1898 ended Spain's colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere and secured the position of the United States as a Pacific power. ... Thus, the war enabled the United States to establish its predominance in the Caribbean region and to pursue its strategic and economic interests in Asia.

What Are CharacterStics Of Enlightment​

Answers

Answer:

The Enlightenment, a philosophical movement that dominated in Europe during the 18th century, was centered around the idea that reason is the primary source of authority and legitimacy, and advocated such ideals as liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional government, and separation of church and state.

Explanation:

Hope this is gonna help good luck with your assignment.

during the cold war, the united states was involved in certain regional conflicts due to fears later called the domino theory. which answer describes this concept?

Answers

The Domino Theory was a Cold War-era foreign policy concept that held that if one country in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would also fall to communism in a domino effect.

The United States was deeply concerned about the spread of communism around the world, and the Domino Theory was used to justify U.S. involvement in a number of regional conflicts, particularly in Southeast Asia. The U.S. feared that if countries such as Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia fell to communism, then the rest of Southeast Asia would also fall, and eventually the entire world would be at risk. As a result, the U.S. became heavily involved in the Vietnam War, in an effort to prevent the spread of communism in the region. The theory was a key element in the US foreign policy during the Cold War and had a significant impact on the US involvement in Southeast Asia.

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Before DNA polymerase can begin assembling DNA nucleotides to produce either the Okazaki fragments of the lagging strand or the continuous molecule of the leading strand, which must occur?DNA polymerase I removes some nucleotides and replaces them with DNA.Primase constructs a short RNA primer.DNA ligase forms a covalent bond between two adjacent nucleotides in the same DNA strand.Covalent bonds must be broken between the two strands of DNA.DNA polymerase III adds deoxyribonucleotides. You are studying coyote populations and need to construct a survivorship curve. Coyotes care for their young and are relatively long-lived. Please choose the accurate description of the likely survivorship curve for this species. A. The survivorship curve is concave with survivorship (1x) increasing in later life stages. B. Coyotes would show a Type II survivorship curve. C. The survivorship curve is a straight line with an inverse relationship between survivorship (1x) and age class (x). D. 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In the first experiment you stimulate the algae with different wavelengths of light along its length and use oxygen-seeking bacteria to determine where oxygen is produced, like the experiment in the textbook we talked about in class, but with a different result. You find bacteria spread equally along the length of the algae from 350 nm (blue) through the greens, yellows and oranges up to 630 nm (orange-red), but not quite into the area illuminated by red light. You do a second experiment where you shine white light on the algae and observe the color of the algae. You would expect the algae to appear an income tax is regressive if group of answer choicesa. the tax liability of high-income recipients exceeds the tax liability of those with low incomes. b. the tax liability of high-income recipients is less than the tax liability of those with low incomes. c. high-income recipients pay a higher percentage of their incomes in taxes than those with low incomes. d. high-income recipients pay a lower percentage of their incomes in taxes than those whose incomes are low. What are the criteria used by marketers to evaluate whether a segment is worth pursuing or not?A. Identifiable, sizable, reachable, responsive, profitableB. Identifiable, substantial, replaceable, responsive, profitableC. Identifiable, substantial, reachable, responsive, profitable