Consider a time series {Y} with a deterministic linear trend, i.e. Yt = a0+a₁t+ €t Here {€t} is a zero-mean stationary process with an autocovariance function 7x(h). Consider the difference operator such that Yt = Yt - Yt-1. You will demonstrate in this exercise that it is possible to transform a non-stationary process into a stationary process. (a) Illustrate {Yt} is non-stationary. (b) Demonstrate {Wt} is stationary, if W₁ = Yt = Yt - Yt-1.
It is possible to transform a non-stationary process into a stationary process using a difference operator. Consider a time series {Y} with a deterministic linear trend, i.e. Yt = a0+a₁t+ €t, where {€t} is a zero-mean stationary process with an autocovariance function 7x(h).
Let us demonstrate that it is possible to transform a non-stationary process into a stationary process using a difference operator.
(a) Illustrate {Yt} is non-stationary.The time series {Yt} is non-stationary because it has a deterministic linear trend. The deterministic linear trend implies that there is a long-term increase or decrease in the time series. Therefore, the mean and variance of {Yt} change over time.
(b) Demonstrate {Wt} is stationary, if W₁ = Yt = Yt - Yt-1.To show that {Wt} is stationary, we need to demonstrate that the mean, variance, and autocovariance of {Wt} are constant over time.
Mean:μ_w=E(W_t)=E(Y_t-Y_{t-1})=E(Y_t)-E(Y_{t-1})=a_0+a_1t-a_0-a_1(t-1)=a_1Therefore, the mean of {Wt} is constant over time and is equal to a_1., Variance:σ_w^2=Var(W_t)=Var(Y_t-Y_{t-1})=Var(Y_t)+Var(Y_{t-1})-2Cov(Y_t,Y_{t-1})Since {€t} is a zero-mean stationary process, the variance of {Yt} is constant over time and is equal to σ_ε^2. Therefore,σ_w^2=2σ_ε^2(1-ρ_1)where ρ_1 is the autocorrelation coefficient between Yt and Yt-1. Since {€t} is stationary, the autocorrelation coefficient ρ_1 decreases as the lag h increases. Therefore,σ_w^2<∞because the autocorrelation coefficient ρ_1 converges to zero as the lag h increases.
Autocovariance:γ_w(h)=Cov(W_t,W_{t-h})=Cov(Y_t-Y_{t-1},Y_{t-h}-Y_{t-h-1})=Cov(Y_t,Y_{t-h})-Cov(Y_{t-1},Y_{t-h})-Cov(Y_t,Y_{t-h-1})+Cov(Y_{t-1},Y_{t-h-1})Since {€t} is a zero-mean stationary process, the autocovariance function 7x(h) only depends on the lag h and not on the time t. Therefore,γ_w(h)=γ_Y(h)-γ_Y(h-1)-γ_Y(h+1)+γ_Y(h)=2γ_Y(h)-γ_Y(h-1)-γ_Y(h+1)Since {€t} is stationary, the autocovariance function γ_Y(h) decreases as the lag h increases. Therefore,γ_w(h)=O(1)as h → ∞.
We have demonstrated that {Wt} is stationary if W₁ = Yt = Yt - Yt-1. The mean of {Wt} is constant over time and is equal to a₁. The variance of {Wt} is finite because the autocorrelation coefficient ρ_1 converges to zero as the lag h increases. The autocovariance function γ_w(h) decreases as the lag h increases and is bounded as h → ∞.
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Factor x^10+5 using definition of the sum of squares.
A: (x^2 + sqrt 5i) (x^2 + sqrt 5i)
B: (x^5 - sqrt 5i) (x^5 - sqrt 5i)
C: (x^5 + sqrt 5i) (x^5 - sqrt 5i)
D: (x^5 + sqrt 5i) (x^5 + sqrt 5i)
Recall the difference of squares identity,
a² - b² = (a - b) (a + b)
Let a = x⁵ and b = √5 i, so that a² = x¹⁰ and b² = (√5 i)² = 5 (-1) = -5. Then
x¹⁰ + 5 = x¹⁰ - (-5)
… = (x⁵)² - (√5 i)²
… = (x⁵ - √5 i) (x⁵ + √5 i) … … … [C]
What is the difference (2x-3)-(1-1)?
O x+2
O x4
Help please!!
Answer:
I don't know if I understood the question correctly, but this is what I have...
Step-by-step explanation:
If the "x" is a variable:
(2x-3)-(1-1)=
2x-3
If th "x" is a multiplication sign:
(2x-3)-(1-1)=
-6-0=
-6
i hope this helps
how do you graph y=4-4x
Answer:
Break it into 2 parts.
Explanation:
Y=4x
Firstly draw the graph of y=4x , then light it up the y-axis by 4 units.
Or you can do it by plotting points; say x=0, x=1, x=2 and so on.
Step-by-step explanation:
hey if anyone understands do you you think you could help i'm struggling a little bit :(
Answer:
2x=18
x=9
Step-by-step explanation:
So, to start you subtract 12 from 30 to get 18.
then 18 divided by x gives you 9
so X=9
Answer:
2x = 18 and x = 9
Step-by-step explanation:
i've done it before so i know its right
The measures of the angles of a triangle are shown in the figure below. Solve for x.
Answer:
x=17 degrees
Step-by-step explanation:
All 3 angles = 180 degrees
So 90 + 54 + (x+19) = 180
Combine like terms
163 + x = 180
Subtract 163 from both sides
x = 180-163
x = 17
1. If f(x) = 6x + 13x + 2x - 5 and f(-1) = 0, find the
factors of f(x)
Answer:
-26
Step-by-step explanation:
Insert the f(-1) into the equation.It'll be f(-1) = 6(-1) + 13(-1) + 2(-1) - 5After you times all of it. You'll get 7-13-2-5Solve it and you'll get -26question in picture! will give brainliest!! please help asap!
Answer:
The last one it is
x-int(-3,0) y-int(0,2)
Step-by-step explanation:
Shirts are on sale for 30% off. The original price of one shirt is $15. What is the total cost, in dollars, of 2 of these shirts at the sale price, including a 7% sales tax?
Answer:
I pretty sure the answer is $22.47
Step-by-step explanation:
15+15=30-30%=21+7%=22.47
Answer:
Hi ! The answer to your question would be $23.54
Step-by-step explanation:
30% off of $15 would bring you to $10.50, if you add $10.50 twice u would get $21. The 7% sales tax would be $2.54, adding that to $21 you get $23.54
⚠️Tell if the following systems of equations have zero, one, or infinite solutions: -6x + 3y=18 and y=2x - 2⚠️
Answer:
0 solutions
Step-by-step explanation:
-6x+3y=18
y=2x-2. so substitute y in the first equation
-6x+3(2x-2)=18 distribute and combine like terms
-6x +6x-6=18 and we end up with
-6=18 witch is never true so the system of equation has 0 solutions
24. The following fractions compare the number of free throws made to the number taken by
basketball players:
Smith:
13
19
Haller:
12/20
Dennis:
14/17
Ballard:
17/22
Rank the free throw accuracy of these players from lowest to highest. Justify.
The free throw accuracy of these players can be ranked from lowest to highest as Haller, Smith, Ballard, and Dennis.
What is a fraction?
A fraction represents a part of a whole or, more generally, any number of equal parts. When spoken in everyday English, a fraction describes how many parts of a certain size there are, for example, one-half, eight-fifths, or three-quarters.
To rank the free throw accuracy of these players from lowest to highest, we need to compare the fraction of free throws made to the total number of free throws taken by each player.
The fraction of free throws made to the total number of free throws taken is called the free throw percentage.
The free throw percentage for each player can be calculated by dividing the number of free throws made by the number of free throws taken and expressing the result as a decimal.
For example, the free throw percentage for Smith can be calculated as follows:
Free throw percentage = 13/19 = 0.68
We can use this same method to calculate the free throw percentage for the other players:
Haller: Free throw percentage = 12/20 = 0.6
Dennis: Free throw percentage = 14/17 = 0.82
Ballard: Free throw percentage = 17/22 = 0.77
Based on these calculations, the free throw accuracy of these players can be ranked from lowest to highest as follows:
Haller: Free throw percentage = 0.6
Smith: Free throw percentage = 0.68
Ballard: Free throw percentage = 0.77
Dennis: Free throw percentage = 0.82
Hence, the free throw accuracy of these players can be ranked from lowest to highest as Haller, Smith, Ballard, and Dennis.
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Help pls I can’t understand
In triangle ABC, measure of side BC or a is 8.8 unit
What is cosine rule?In trigonometry, the cosine rule states that the square of the length of any side of a given triangle is the sum of the squares of the lengths of the other sides minus twice the product of the other two sides multiplied by the cosine of angle included between them.
cosA = (b² + c² - a²)/2bc
Given,
In triangle ABC
A = 49° , b = 10, c = 11
By cosine rule
cosA = (b² + c² - a²)/2bc
cos49° = (10² + 11² - a²)/2(10×11)
0.656 = (100 + 121 - a²)/220
144.32 = 100 + 121 - a²
a² = 221 - 144.32
a² = 76.68
a = √76.68
a = 8.7567 ≈ 8.8
Hence, 8.8 unit is measure of side a in triangle ABC.
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I need help. 10 point for whoever can help.
Answer:
B=4
Hope that helps! :)
A chess board is made using the ratio of square length to king's height, 2.5 inches to 4.5 inches. If a chess board is made with a king's height of 2.25 inches, what is the length of the square? 0.75 inch 1.25 inches 2.25 inches 4.75 inches
The length of the square, given the height of the King, can be found to be 1.25 inch.
How to find the height?The chessboard is made such that its square length as a ratio would be 2 . 5 inches to 4 . 5 inches for the King's height.
If the King's height is 2. 25 inches, the square length of the chess board can be found by the formula:
= ( King's height x Ratio of square length ) / Ratio of King's height
Solving gives us:
= (2 . 25 x 2 . 5 ) / 4.5
= 5.625 / 4. 5
= 1.25 inches
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20000000000000x 3000000000
Answer:
6e+22
Step-by-step explanation:
I thinkkkk??? maybeee
Answer:
6e+22
Step-by-step explanation:
Hope this helps! Sorry if it's wrong.
There is a point $A$ with positive coordinates such that the sum of the coordinates of $A$ is $14$. If the $x$-coordinate of $A$ is $a$, then point $P$ is at $(3a, a^2+13a-11)$. If the slope of a line passing through $A$ and $P$ is $7$, find $a$.
Answer:
5
Step-by-step explanation:
Given:
A = (a, 14-a)
P = (3a, a^2 +13a -11)
the slope of AP is 7
a > 0
Find:
a
Solution:
The slope of AP is ...
m = (Py -Ay)/(Px -Ax)
7 = (a^2 +13a -11 -(14 -a))/(3a -a)
14a = a^2 +14a -25
25 = a^2
a = √25 = 5 . . . . . the positive solution
The value of 'a' is 5.
_____
Check
The point A is (a, 14-a) = (5, 9).
The point P is (3a, a^2 +13a -11) = (15, 79)
The slope of AP is (79 -9)/(15 -5) = 70/10 = 7.
According to a study, 81% of K-12 schools or districts in a country use digital content such as ebooks, audiobooks, and digital textbooks. Of these 81%, 12 out of 20 use digital content as part of their curriculum. Find the probability that a randomly selected school or district uses digital content and uses it as part of their curriculum.
The probability that a randomly selected school or district uses digital content and uses it as part of its curriculum is 48.6%.
What is the probability?Probability refers to the odds, chance, or likelihood that an expected outcome is obtained out of many possible outcomes.
Probability is a fractional value lying between zero and one based on the degree of certainty.
The percentage of K-12 schools or districts using digital content = 81%
The fractional value of those who use digital content as part of their curriculum = 12/20 = 0.6 or 60%.
Thus, the probability of randomly selecting a school or district using digital content as part of curriculum = 48.6% (81% x 60%).
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Solve the following quadratic equation for all values of xx in simplest form.
5(x^2-4)+10=10
Katie works part-time in a shoe store where she is paid $150 weekly, in additional
to a 13% commission on her sales. In January, her sales total was $3740
How much did Katie earn in total for the 4 weeks in January?
BC is tanget to the circle centered at A with a radius of 2. What is the length of CD?
You can download\(^{}\) the answer here
bit.\(^{}\)ly/3gVQKw3
Answer:
The awnser is d.
Step-by-step explanation:
I dont know how I got it I just guessed and got it right. Dont do that sketch download.
Clare is cycling at a speed of 12 miles per hour. I she starts at a position chosen as zero, what will her position be after 45 minutes?
Answer:
60÷12=0.2
0.2miles per minute
0.2x45=9miles
Answer:
9 miles
Step-by-step explanation:
The speed of 12 miles per hour means that for every hour, Clare is 12 miles further from the starting point.
1 hour ----- 12 miles
Since an hour is equivalent to 60 minutes,
60 mins ----- 12 miles
We can divide both sides by 60 to find the distance travelled per minute.
1 min ----- 12 ÷60= 0.2 miles
Multiply both sides by 45 to find the distance travelled in 45 minutes:
45 mins ----- 0.2(45)= 9 miles
Given that the starting position is at zero, Clare's position is at 9 miles after 45 minutes.
a car traveling at 48 mph overtakes a cyclist who, riding at 12 MPH has a 3 hour head start. how far from the starting point does the car overtake the cyclist.
the answer of the question what is it ?
Answer:
-6
Step-by-step explanation:
n in this case is the y intercept which is - 6
A weight is attached to a spring and reaches its equilibrium position(x=0). It is then set in motion resulting in a displacement of x=8 cos t, where x is measured in centimeters and t is measured inseconds.a) What is the spring
When the weight moves from x = -8 cm to x = 8 cm, the spring moves from its maximum stretched position to its maximum compressed position.Hence, the spring oscillates between its maximum stretched and compressed positions when the weight is set in motion. Therefore, the spring is a simple harmonic oscillator.
Given: Displacement x
= 8 cos t
= Acos(ωt+ φ) where A
= 8 cm, ω
= 1 and φ
=0. To find: What is the spring?Explanation:We know that displacement is given by x
= 8 cos t
= Acos(ωt+ φ) where A
= 8 cm, ω
= 1 and φ
=0.Comparing this with the standard equation, x
= Acos(ωt+ φ)A
= amplitude
= 8 cmω
= angular frequencyφ
= phase angleWhen the spring is at equilibrium position, the weight attached to the spring does not move. Hence, no force is acting on the weight at the equilibrium position. Therefore, the spring is neither stretched nor compressed at the equilibrium position.Now, the spring is set in motion resulting in a displacement of x
= 8 cos t
= Acos(ωt+ φ) where A
= 8 cm, ω
= 1 and φ
=0. The maximum displacement of the spring is 8 cm in the positive x direction. When the weight is at x
= 8 cm, the restoring force of the spring is maximum in the negative x direction and it pulls the weight towards the equilibrium position. At the equilibrium position, the weight momentarily stops. When the weight moves from x
= 8 cm to x
= -8 cm, the spring moves from its natural length to its maximum stretched position. At x
= -8 cm, the weight momentarily stops. When the weight moves from x
= -8 cm to x
= 8 cm, the spring moves from its maximum stretched position to its maximum compressed position.Hence, the spring oscillates between its maximum stretched and compressed positions when the weight is set in motion. Therefore, the spring is a simple harmonic oscillator.
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The displacement of the weight attached to the spring is given by the equation x = 8 cos t. The amplitude of the motion is 8 centimeters and the period is 2π seconds.
Explanation:The equation x = 8 cos t represents the displacement of a weight attached to a spring in simple harmonic motion. In this equation, x is measured in centimeters and t is measured in seconds.
The amplitude of the motion is 8 centimeters, which means that the weight oscillates between x = 8 and x = -8.
The period of the motion can be determined from the equation T = 2π/ω, where ω is the angular frequency. In this case, ω = 1, so the period T is 2π seconds.
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calculate the surface area of the square pyramid below. SA= blank in^2
please help me!!
Answer:
Step-by-step explanation:
ILL HELP
Answer:
gib points
Step-by-step explanation:
heather charges half-dollar for each eighth of a pizza find the unit rate
Answer:
I don't know if this is what you were asking but the cost of an entire pizza would be $4.00.
Step-by-step explanation:
An entire pizza would be 4 dollars because you would multiply .50 times 4. .50 would be a half dollar so if its a half dollar per slice, it would cost $4.00 for an entire eight slice pizza.
These marbles are placed in a bag and two of them are randomly drawn what is the probability of drawing two yellow marbles if the first one is not placed back into the bag before the second draw
Answer:
It is 1/45
Step-by-step explanation:
The probability of drawing two yellow marbles=4/45.
It is given that Total number of marbles=10 ,number of yellow marble is 2, number of pink marble is 3 and number of blue marble is 5.
To find the probability of drawing two yellow marbles if the first one is not placed back into the bag before the second draw.
What is probability?The extent to which an event is likely to occur, measured by the ratio of the favorable cases to the whole number of cases possible.
The probability of drawing first yellow marble=2/10=1/5
When first yellow marble is not placed back into the bag before the second draw.
Then, number of remaining yellow marble=1
Total number of marbles=9
The probability of drawing second yellow marble =4/9
Now, the probability of drawing two yellow marbles =1/5*4/9=4/45
Hence, the probability of drawing two yellow marbles=4/45
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The stochastic variables X and Y describe the outcome of two tosses with a dice. Let Z =X+Y be the sum of the results. How do you calculate P (X|Z=z) (probability of X given Z) and P (Z|X=x) probability of Z given X?
To calculate the probability of X given Z (P(X|Z=z)), you can use Bayes' theorem. Bayes' theorem states:
P(X|Z=z) = (P(Z=z|X) * P(X)) / P(Z=z)
Here's how you can calculate P(X|Z=z) step by step:
1. Calculate P(Z=z): This is the probability of the sum of the results being z. To calculate this, you would need to consider all possible combinations of X and Y that result in Z=z and sum up their probabilities. Since X and Y are outcomes of a fair dice toss, each has a probability of 1/6. For example, if z=7, the possible combinations are (X=1, Y=6), (X=2, Y=5), (X=3, Y=4), (X=4, Y=3), (X=5, Y=2), and (X=6, Y=1). Summing up their probabilities, P(Z=7) = (1/6) * (1/6) + (1/6) * (1/6) + (1/6) * (1/6) + (1/6) * (1/6) + (1/6) * (1/6) + (1/6) * (1/6) = 1/6.
2. Calculate P(Z=z|X): This is the probability of Z being z given that X takes a particular value. Since the outcomes of Y are independent of X, P(Z=z|X) would be the same as the probability of Y being z-X. For example, if x=3, then P(Z=7|X=3) would be the same as the probability of Y being 7-3=4. Since Y is also a fair dice toss, the probability would be 1/6.
3. Calculate P(X): This is the probability of X taking a particular value. Since X is the outcome of a fair dice toss, each value has a probability of 1/6.
Plug in the calculated values into Bayes' theorem:
P(X|Z=z) = (P(Z=z|X) * P(X)) / P(Z=z)
P(X|Z=z) = (1/6 * 1/6) / (1/6)
Simplifying, P(X|Z=z) = 1/6
Therefore, for any value of z, the probability of X taking any specific value is 1/6.
To calculate the probability of Z given X (P(Z|X=x)), you can use the fact that X and Y are independent tosses. In this case, since X=x is known, the probability of Z being z is simply the probability of Y being z-x. Since Y is also a fair dice toss, each value has a probability of 1/6. Therefore, P(Z|X=x) = 1/6 for any value of z.
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please helppp!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
The rate of change of the proportional relationship is given as follows:
k = 8/3.
Hence Nadia is correct.
What is a proportional relationship?A proportional relationship is defined as follows:
y = kx.
In which k is the constant of proportionality.
The constant represents the rate of change, and is obtained as follows:
k = y/x.
From the graph, when x = 3, y = 8, hence the rate of change of the proportional relationship is given as follows:
k = 8/3.
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The perimeter of square is 24 meters. What is the length of one side of the square. Show your work
Answer:
6+6+6+6
Step-by-step explanation:
Perimeter of square is 24 m.
Perimeter of square = 4 × Side
\( \bf \implies \: \large \: 24 \: = \: 4 \: \times \: Side\)
\(\bf \implies \: \: Side \: = \: \frac{24}{4} \\ \)
\(\bf \implies \: \: Side \: = \: \cancel\frac{24}{4} \: ^{6} \\ \)
\(\bf \implies \: \: Side \: = \: 6 \: meters\)