the chairperson of the history department wants to determine the average gpa (grade point average) of history majors, but only at her university. she compiles a list of the gpas of all the history majors at the university and calculates the average. the chairperson is working with data from a or an . this is unusual, as most studies use .

Answers

Answer 1

The chairperson of the history department is working with data from a population, rather than a sample. This is unusual, as most studies use samples.

To calculate the average GPA of history majors at the university, the chairperson compiles a list of the GPA of all the history majors and then calculates the average, which is known as a population average or population mean.
The chairperson of the history department wants to determine the average GPA (Grade Point Average) of history majors but only at her university. She compiles a list of the GPAs of all the history  majors at the university and calculates the average. The chairperson is working with data from a sample or an observational study. This is unusual, as most studies use a sample to determine the averages.

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Related Questions

someone help me with this question

someone help me with this question

Answers

Hi the answer to life is hi
Don’t know sorry I hope u figure it out tho

Some countries actually prefer to use familiar mediators to resolve conflict. An example of a country where mediation is commonly used is:
China
Germany
United states
Japan
Which of the following differences in cultural approaches to common communication issues are correctly paired?
Compliments: Individualistic —infrequent praise in private; Collectivistic—praise is common
Criticism: Individualistic—indirect and toward groups; Collectivistic—passive and ambiguous
Apology: Individualistic—direct with justifications; Collectivistic—direct and extensive with no explanation
Both a and c

Answers

Compliments: Individualistic —infrequent praise in private; Collectivistic—praise is common and Apology: Individualistic—direct with justifications; Collectivistic—direct and extensive with no explanation. The correct answer is option d.

In individualistic cultures, such as the United States, compliments are often infrequent and more commonly given in private. Individuals are encouraged to stand out and be recognized for their individual achievements.

In collectivistic cultures, like China, compliments are more common as they contribute to maintaining harmony within the group and reinforcing social bonds.

Regarding apologies, in individualistic cultures, direct apologies with justifications are more prevalent. Individuals take personal responsibility for their actions and provide explanations for their behavior. In collectivistic cultures, such as Japan, apologies are also direct but tend to be more extensive, emphasizing the restoration of relationships and maintaining harmony rather than providing justifications.

Therefore, the correct answer is option d.

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Complete question

Some countries actually prefer to use familiar mediators to resolve conflict. An example of a country where mediation is commonly used is:

China

Germany

United states

Japan

Which of the following differences in cultural approaches to common communication issues are correctly paired?

a. Compliments: Individualistic —infrequent praise in private; Collectivistic—praise is common

b. Criticism: Individualistic—indirect and toward groups; Collectivistic—passive and ambiguous

c. Apology: Individualistic—direct with justifications; Collectivistic—direct and extensive with no explanation

d. Both a and c

The Hindu Sacred book of prayers, scripture, and hymns is called?

Answers

Answer:

the vedics

Explanation:

hope this helps!

How did Pax Romana affect the lives of people across the Roman Empire, including citizens, slaves, and non-Roman subjects?

Answers

The Roman Empire as a whole was significantly affected by Pax Romana. While it offered a time of relative stability and prosperity, it also increased the Roman government's power and authority at the price of people's right to privacy and local communities' right to self-government.

From 27 BCE until 180 CE, the Roman Empire experienced Pax Romana, or "Roman Peace," a time of comparatively calm and quiet. The Roman Empire expanded significantly during this time, adding new lands to its empire, and the emperors established a powerful centralized authority. Depending on a person's position in society and social standing, the Pax Romana had different consequences on people's lives across the Roman Empire.

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mona works at a bank. when luis, a colombian man, arrives to drop off his paycheck she pretends to be busy and directs him to another teller. she does this whenever a non-white person wants assistance. this is an example of . responses confirmation bias confirmation bias stereotype stereotype aggression aggression discrimination

Answers

She poses as being busy and leads a Colombian guy named Luis to another teller when he shows up to hand off his salary. Whenever a non-white person requests help, she acts in this manner. Discrimination like this is demonstrated here. Option 4 is Correct.

Mona is a bank employee. Discrimination is the act of treating certain individuals unfairly or indifferently, which may be done on the basis of caste, race, gender, or other factors.

In social settings or in public, certain persons get treatment that is different from that of others. The same example of discrimination is provided in the question, where Mona refuses to speak to any non-white individual. Option 4 is Correct.

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Correct Question:

Mona works at a bank. when luis, a colombian man, arrives to drop off his paycheck she pretends to be busy and directs him to another teller. she does this whenever a non-white person wants assistance. this is an example of . responses

1, confirmation bias

2. stereotype

3. aggression

4. discrimination

What was the first television series to show a married couple sleeping in the same bed? the brady bunch i love lucy the honeymooners mary kay and johnny.

Answers

Mary kay and Johnny was the first television series to show a married couple sleeping in the same bed. it was originally released between November 18, 1947, and March 11, 1950.

It is an American situation comedy starring Mary Kay and Johnny, a married couple in real life. It was the country's first sitcom to air on a network television. It was the first television show to depict a couple sharing a bed and the first to depict a woman's pregnancy. It was broadcast live at first on the DuMont Television Network, then moved to CBS and NBC.

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What message is shihab nye trying to get across to you, the reader? what main theme do you take away from this piece?

Answers

Shihab Nye is attempting to persuade us that the journey is more significant than the eventual goal, which is death.

The message I take up from this poem is that you should respect your life more and enjoy it to the fullest extent possible without thinking about death.

This is further explained below.

What message is Shihab Nye trying to get across to you, the reader? what main theme do you take away from this piece?

Generally, Shihab Nye is attempting to convince us that the process of getting to our end destination, which is death, is more significant than the destination itself.

In conclusion, The fundamental idea that sticks with me after reading this poem is about the concerns of life and death, and more specifically the idea that you should place a higher value on your life and enjoy it to the fullest without worrying about dying.

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which of the following is a true statement about tuition revenue in a college or university

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A true statement about tuition revenue in a college or university is that it plays a crucial role in funding the institution's operations and academic programs.

Tuition revenue is a significant source of income for colleges and universities, often accounting for a substantial portion of their overall budget. It is generated from student tuition fees and is used to support various expenses, including faculty salaries, campus infrastructure, educational resources, research initiatives, student services, and financial sustainability.

The amount of tuition revenue received by an institution can be influenced by factors such as enrollment numbers, tuition rates, student demographics, and the availability of scholarships or grants. The effective management and utilization of tuition revenue are critical for the financial sustainability and success of educational institutions.

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Which of the following is a true statement about tuition revenue in a college or university?

Tuition revenue is a key source of income for colleges and universities.

Tuition revenue is not influenced by factors such as student enrollment or tuition rates.

Tuition revenue does not contribute to the financial stability of educational institutions.

Tuition revenue is solely used to cover administrative expenses.

What are two advantages and two disadvantages of being nomadic and hunting and gathering for one’s food.

Answers

Answer:

ADVANTAGE

Hunter Gatherers had more leisure time, which they spent creating art and music. 

Generally, hunter gatherers did not have to do as much labour as farmers. 

Hunter gatherers rarely had any diseases that we suffer from today. 

Disadvantages of foraging:

Hunter gatherers' food source was not reliable. It depends of the area they are currently inhabiting. 

Nomadic lives were more difficult than sedentary ones. 

Hunter Gatherers did not have many characteristics of modern civilizations.

one long-term impact of the navigation acts was..?
social studies

Answers

Answer:

The Acts increased colonial revenue by taxing the goods going to and from British colonies. The Navigation Acts (particularly their effect on trade in the colonies) were one of the direct economic causes of the American Revolution.

Explanation:

Many Americans today disagree with scientists over whether or not it is a good idea to _____.

Many Americans today disagree with scientists over whether or not it is a good idea to _____.

alter the components of a nutritious diet

genetically modify food

import food from developing countries

produce large amounts of food in America

Answers

Genetically modify food.

If you want a career that allows you to function independently, you are focusing on your _______.

Answers

If you want a career that allows you to function independently, you are focusing on your autonomy. Autonomy in a career context refers to the level of control, freedom, and independence an individual has when performing their job functions. People who prioritize autonomy in their careers often seek roles that provide flexibility, decision-making authority, and minimal supervision, allowing them to showcase their skills, creativity, and expertise without significant constraints.

Professions that offer higher levels of autonomy include freelance work, entrepreneurship, certain roles within creative industries, consulting, and technology. These careers enable individuals to work on their terms, choose their projects, and define their work schedules, leading to increased job satisfaction and personal fulfillment.

In summary, when seeking a career that allows for independent functioning, focusing on autonomy is crucial. This emphasis will help you identify and pursue roles that align with your values and preferences, enabling you to excel in your professional life while maintaining control over your work environment and tasks.

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Where did the Holocaust take place?​

Answers

German-occupied Europe

Need help as fast as possible save me pls

Need help as fast as possible save me pls

Answers

According to the text, the author argues that British imperialism in India gave another face to this country because it developed its industry and improved the living conditions of its citizens.

What is the text talking about?

The text summarizes the advantages or improvements that the British Empire made in India during its intervention in this country. In general, it highlights the different aspects that improved in this process. For example, he mentions that the factories began to compete on a par with those of Great Britain. Additionally, it mentions that the living, transportation and sanitation conditions were improved.

What is the author's point of view?

According to the text information it can be inferred that the author's point of view refers to India improving in various aspects during the imperial intervention of the British Empire. In general, he highlights the improvements that have been made in this country, including sanitation, improvement in living and industrial conditions.

This position is controversial because many thinkers argue that colonial relations were not beneficial to the dominated nation because the powers used the colonies as deposits of resources without giving them anything in return.

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The primary interest of publicly owned media is _____________; the primary interest of privately owned media is_______________.
Select one:
a. making a profit; serving the public interest
b. spreading propaganda; being as objective as possible
c. undermining democracy; supporting democracy
d. serving the state; serving the people
incorrect
e. serving the public interest; making a profit

Answers

The primary interest of publicly owned media is serving the public interest; the primary interest of privately owned media is making a profit.

Publicly owned media is a type of media that is operated by the state, with the main aim of serving the public interest. It is owned and controlled by the government, and it is often referred to as the "state media" or "public service broadcasting."Publicly owned media, unlike privately owned media, is a non-profit organization. It is not concerned with making money; instead, it is concerned with providing information, education, and entertainment to the public.

The primary interest of publicly owned media is serving the public interest; this means that it is more concerned with providing information that is objective, truthful, and unbiased. The focus is on educating, informing, and entertaining the public in a way that is beneficial to them.

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this map could best be used to describe what early-20th century diplomatic understanding
A ; The law of return
B ; sykes-picot agreement
C ; The north atlantic treaty
D ; organization of petroleum exporting countries

Answers

Answer:

B -  Balfour Declaration

Explanation:

As one of the goals of transcendent education, learning how to give as well as take, to others in the present as well as to those in the future is called ________.

Answers

Answer:

concept of concern

Explanation:

Mark me as brainlaint

What were some of
The species that
become extinction
?

What were some ofThe species thatbecome extinction?

Answers

Answer:

dinosaurs

Explanation:

what are the arguments of and against death penalty​

Answers

Answer:

The most common and most cogent argument against capital punishment is that sooner or later, innocent people will get killed, because of mistakes or flaws in the justice system. Witnesses, (where they are part of the process), prosecutors and jurors can all make mistakes.

Let's say that your parents are trying to make a decision on this issue because it is being brought for a vote here in this country about what ought to be done regarding the use of blastocysts in the US and they are asking you, as a biology major, what are the scientific facts that they should no about to make their decision. What do you think are the most important facts that your parents (or the public, in general) ought to know about this issue in order to make decisions about it. Obviously the news and publicity will not be able to cover everything, so what points do you think are the MOST IMPORTANT for people to understand in order to make up their minds? Explain why you picked what you picked.

Answers

Answer:

As per the search results, the given question pertains to the use of blastocysts and genetic testing, which are complex and controversial topics that require careful consideration of the scientific and ethical issues involved. Some of the most important facts that people should know to make informed decisions about these issues are:

1. What are blastocysts and what is their potential use? Blastocysts are a stage of early human development in which an embryo has divided into about 100 cells. Research on blastocysts has the potential to lead to new treatments for diseases, such as Parkinson's, diabetes, and heart disease.

2. What are the ethical concerns related to using blastocysts for research or genetic testing? Some people believe that blastocysts have the same moral status as human beings and should not be used for research or genetic testing. Others argue that the potential benefits of this research outweigh the ethical concerns.

3. What are the potential risks of genetic testing? Genetic testing can provide important information about a person's health risks, but it can also lead to anxiety, discrimination, and social stigma.

4. What are the legal and regulatory frameworks that govern genetic testing and the use of blastocysts in research? The legal and regulatory frameworks for genetic testing and the use of blastocysts vary by country and by state, and understanding these regulations is essential for making informed decisions about these issues.

5. What are the potential benefits and drawbacks of genetic testing and the use of blastocysts in research? While these technologies have the potential to provide important medical benefits, they also raise important questions about the potential risks and unintended consequences.

Overall, it is important for people to have a good understanding of the scientific and ethical issues involved in the use of blastocysts and genetic testing in order to make informed decisions about these complex topics.

Explanation:

What is the name for the application of ethical principles to human relationships and activities?

Answers

The name for the application of ethical principles to human relationships and activities is ethics.

Ethics is the discipline concerned with what is morally right and wrong. It aims to provide a set of standards or rules for human conduct or behavior that is considered appropriate and acceptable within a particular society or community.Ethics involves critical reflection on the values and principles that guide our actions, decisions, and behaviors. It involves thinking about what is good or bad, right or wrong, just or unjust, fair or unfair, and so on, in relation to our actions and decisions.Ethics helps us to identify and evaluate different moral issues, dilemmas, and controversies that arise in various areas of human activity, such as business, law, medicine, politics, science, technology, and others. It provides a framework for ethical decision-making that is based on reason, evidence, and respect for others.

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What were the two most important words in Socrates's philosophy? Why might exploring them take a lifetime?

Answers

Socrates was a Greek philosopher who popularly known as the founder of Western philosophy and creator of the western ethical tradition of thought.

His techniques were meant to gradually disprove unwanted theories and leaves one with logical one.

The 2 most important words in Socrates's philosophy:

Discover and pursue your life’s purpose.A good person can not be harmed by outside forces.

In conclusion, exploring these quotes will be difficult because human are diverse and need to keep trying different things at different time.

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Why is hurricane damage worse since the disappearance of wetlands in the area

Answers

Answer:

Wetlands and other natural terrain can act as buffers for wind and water, giving storm surges more to overcome before they reach people and buildings. “They help with storm protection because they are dissipating energy,” said Hugh J.

If a nation is rich in resources then it can be developed justify this statement

Answers

Answer:

I hope it helped u

stay safe stay happy

If a nation is rich in resources then it can be developed justify this statement

Workplace interruptions are most similar to_______and would be classified as ________stressors. Multiple Choice A. daily hassles, work challenge B. role overload, work hindrance C. role conflict, nonwork challenge D. daily hassles; work hindrance E. role overload; nonwork hindrance

Answers

Workplace interruptions are most similar to daily hassles and would be classified as work hindrance stressors. The correct option is D.

What is the effect of interruption in the workplace?

Interruptions can also cause fatigue, stress-related illnesses, and a doubling of error rates. Consider the impact you will have the next time you are persuaded to interrupt a colleague who is working hard.

Daily hassles are minor stressful events that occur in everyday life, such as interruptions, traffic jams, and equipment breakdowns. Workplace interruptions can be viewed as a type of daily hassle that can cause stress, frustration, and a loss of productivity.

Work hindrance stressors refer to job demands that are perceived as hindering progress towards personal goals or that cause harm or loss.

Thus, the ideal selection is option D.

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What was the original cause of united states soldiers killing approximately 300 american indians—mostly unarmed women, children, and older men—at wounded knee?.

Answers

Some historians speculate that the soldiers of the 7th Cavalry intentionally took revenge for the regiment's defeat on the Little Bighorn in 1876.

Regardless of the motives, the bloodbath ended the Ghost Dance movement and became the ultimate foremost war of words in the united states' brutal war in opposition to the Plains Indians.

Wounded Knee bloodbath, (December 29, 1890), the slaughter of approximately 150–three hundred Lakota Indians by way of usa army troops inside the vicinity of Wounded Knee Creek in southwestern South Dakota. The massacre became the climax of the U.S.

Navy's overdue nineteenth-century efforts to repress the Plains Indians.

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Consciousness of the outside world requires complex interactions between the cerebral cortex and the____________.Group of answer choiceshippocampusamygdalathalamusmidbrain

Answers

Consciousness of the outside world requires complex interactions between the cerebral cortex and the thalamus.

The thalamus plays a crucial role in relaying sensory information from various sensory organs to the cerebral cortex. It acts as a gateway, receiving sensory input and directing it to the appropriate areas of the cortex for further processing. The thalamus is responsible for filtering and regulating sensory information, ensuring that relevant stimuli reach our conscious awareness. It helps integrate different sensory modalities and coordinates our perception of the external world. Without the involvement of the thalamus in relaying sensory signals to the cortex, our consciousness of the outside world would be severely impaired.

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35. Which of the following countries did not lay claim to Samoa in the nineteenth century?
France
Germany
the United States
Great Britain

Answers

Answer:

germanry

Explanation:

the german dont cliam the island

what can you say to the movie san andreas you've watch?

Answers

San Andreas is a competent disaster movie, but tries to be too big for its own good.

What do you mean by a Movie?

Movie is a compilation of moving pictures that people watch on television or a screen to tell a story.

A family struggles to survive in this catastrophe film as the 810-mile San Andreas fault that runs through the center of California breaks way. Dwayne Johnson plays Los Angeles Fire and Rescue Chief Ray Gaines in the film. While his daughter is heading off to college, his wife, Emma, is prepared to file for divorce. Ray and Emma are forced to travel to San Francisco after severe earthquakes strike California in order to save their daughter from the coming devastation.

Therefore, San Andreas is a worth watching movie. The fact that specialists believe the San Andreas fault is prepared for a significant earthquake is a key advantage of the film. However, the film doesn't arouse the same amount of dread and anticipation as films from the 1990s like Twister and Dante's peak do.

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During which time period did ancient Egypt become an empire?

Answers

Answer:

The dynastic period started with the reign of Egypt's first king, Narmer, in approximately 3100 BCE, and ended with the death of Cleopatra VII in 30 BCE. During this long period there were times of strong centalised rule, and periods of much weaker, divided rule, but basically Egypt remained one, independent land.

Explanation:

Answer:

1570-1069bce

Explanation:

hope this helps :)

Other Questions
The McGraw Company is accumulating data to be used in preparing its annual profit plan for the coming year. The cost behavior pattern of the maintenance costs must be determined. The accounting staff has suggested that linear regression be employed to derive an equation in the form of y = a + bx for maintenance costs. Data regarding the maintenance hours and costs for last year and the results of the regression analysis are as follows: (CMA adapted)Hours of ActivityMaintenance CostsJanuary480$4,200February3203,000March4003,600April3002,820May5004,350June3102,960July3203,030August5204,470September4904,260October4704,050November3503,300December3403,160Sum4,800$43,200Average4003,600A coefficient684.65B coefficient7.2884Standard error of the a coefficient49.515Standard error of the b coefficient0.12126Standard error of the estimate34.469R20.99724T-value a13.827T-value b60.105Using the high-low method to estimate cost behavior, 420 maintenance hours in a month would mean the maintenance costs would be budgeted at:$3,600.$3,150.$3,780.$3,720. during the first half of the twentieth century, which of the following facilitated the transportation of beef over long distances to global markets? which of the following is the best sample for a professional polling organization to poll on the governor's race in texas? You have three dice in your pocket, one is 4 -sided and two are 6-sided. You randomly select two of the dice, roll them, and record the sum. a. What's the probability the sum is 7 ? b. Given that the sum of the dice is 7 , what's the probability both dice are 6 -sided? What is an archetype? a character or plot based on an actual person or event from history an element that recurs in stories from many times and cultures a character who is the main focus of a short story an example of figurative or descriptive language in a text Which Pope formally recognized the Franciscans as an Order? The standard deviation of the weights of elephants is known to be approximately 15 pounds. We wish to construct a 95% confidence interval for the mean weight of newborn elephant calves. Fifty newborn elephants are weighed. The sample mean is 244 pounds. The sample standard deviation is 11 pounds Construct a 95% confidence interval for the population mean weight of newborn elephants. State the confidence interval (Round your answers to two decimal places.) Sketch the graph. (Round your answers to two decimal places.) CL - 0.95 X Calculate the error bound (Round your answer to two decimal places) Emergency preparedness consists of ______ to reduce the loss of life and property and to protect a nation's institutions from all types of hazards. Wilson Company reports the following expenditures related to plant assets for the most recent fiscal year! Replacing worn-out machine gears: $1,125Routine vehicle maintenance: $ 875Replacement engine for delivery van: $2,600Expansion of production facility: $84,500 Painting of office building: $ 1,800 Installation of heating system: $ 6,200 Wilson's accountant records all expenditures as capital expenditures. As a result, net income will be A.understated by $10,000. B understated by $93,300. C. overstated by $3,800. D. overstated by $81,575. calculator may be used to determine the final numeric value, but show all steps in solving without a calculator up to the final calculation. the surface area a and volume v of a spherical balloon are related by the equationA - 36V where A is in square inches and Vis in cubic inches. If a balloon is being inflated with gas at the rate of 18 cubic inches per second, find the rate at which the surface area of the balloon is increasing at the instant the area is 153.24 square inches and the volume is 178.37 cubic inches. State legislatures define offenses and set punishments for their states and authorize local governing bodies to enact ____________ defining minor offenses and setting penalties.Ordinancesimpliedstare decisis Hormone pathways involved in maintaining homeostasis (such as the secretin pathway in the digestive tract) are often characterized by which of the following?Question 5 options:Local regulators such as prostaglandinsG protein-coupled receptorsPositive feedbackMultiple types of receptorsNegative feedback In the figure, a4.4 kgblock is accelerated from rest by a compressed spring of spring constant640 N/m. The block leaves the spring at the spring's relaxed length and then travels over a horizontal floor with a coefficient of kinetic friction k=0.296. The frictional force stops the block in distanceD=7.7 m. What are (a) the increase in the thermal energy of the block-floor system, (b) the maximum kinetic energy of the block, and (c) the original compression distance of the spring? (a) Number Units (b) Number Units In the figure, a4.4 kgblock is accelerated from rest by a compressed spring of spring constant640 N/m. The block leives the spring at the spring's relaxed length and then travels over a horizontal floor with a coefficient of kinetic friction 2=0.296. The frictional force stops the block in distanceD=7.7 m. What are (a) the increase in the thermal energy of the block-floor system, (b) the maximum kineticenergy of the block, and (c) the original compression distance of the spring? (a) Number Units (b) Number Units which of the following are generally considered to be the important trends that are becoming evident in the marketing research industry? (check all that apply.)- A broader international client base- Expanded use of digital technology to acquire and retrieve information- Movement toward technology-related data management would ti be possible ot manufacture cel phones ni the united states fi a world crisis prevented ti from importing minerals and elements? yes no. what evidence from fig. 3.23 supports your answer? Which statement below correctly describes their relative atomic radii and first ionization energy when comparing Se and Br? The atomic radius for Se is larger than Br, and the first ionization energy for Se is greater than Br. The atomic radius for Br is larger than Se, and the first ionization energy for Bris greater than Se. The atomic radius for Se is larger than Br, and the first ionization energy for Br is greater than Se. The atomic radius for Br is larger than Se, and the first ionization energy for Se is greater than Br. you suspect that the gshant user account is locked. enter the command you would use in a shell to show the status of the user account. The ____ method for promotion budgeting is a simple and safe approach, but may not correctly allocate funds that may be necessary when a product faces an actual or anticipated downturn.PERCENTAGE OF SALES Scientists believe that over 200 million years ago ________. A the continents were farther apart B the continents were underwater C there was only one active volcano on Earth D the continents were connected Heavenly Pizza, which is located in Toronto, fares very well with its competitionin offering fast delivery. Many students at the area universities and communitycolleges work part-time delivering orders made via the web. The owner, Jerry, asoftware engineering graduate, plans to purchase and install five portable, in-carsystems to increase delivery speed and accuracy. The systems provide a linkbetween the web order-placement software and the On-Star system for satellitegenerated directions to any address in the area. The expected result is faster,friendlier service to customers and larger income. Each system costs $4600, hasa 5-year useful life, and may be salvaged for an estimated $300. Total operatingcost for all systems is $1000 for the first year, increasing by $100 per yearthereafter. The MARR is 10%. Perform an annual worth evaluation for the ownerthat answers the following questions.(a) How much new annual net income is necessary to recover the investment atthe MARR of 10% per year?(b) Jerry estimates increased net income of $6000 per year for all five systems.Is this project financially viable at the MARR?(c) Based on the answer in part (b), determine how much new net incomeHeavenly Pizza must have to economically justify the project. Operating costsremain as estimated.