The innate ability of cells to self-destruct is a part of a physiological process known as programmed cell death.
Programmed cell death (PCD) is the destruction of a cell caused by intracellular processes, such as apoptosis or autophagy. PCD is carried out through a biological mechanism, which often confers advantage during the lifecycle of an organism. For instance, the differentiating of fingers and toes in a growing human embryo is caused by the apoptosis of cells between the fingers, resulting in the separation of the digits. PCD fulfils key tasks during the development of plant and animal tissues. Necrosis is the death of a cell triggered by external forces, such as trauma or infection, and it manifests in various ways.
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Which class of biological polymer has the greatest functional diversity (can do the most jobs in a cell)?
Answer:
proteins
Explanation:
They have many functions:
-internal and external support
-helps repairing cells
-has a role in transporting materials ex:hemoglobin
Please help! I’m not sure what kind of experiments to do or say..
Choose a topic that you are interested in and come up with a testable question. Write a procedure
so that you could perform an experiment if you wanted to, or someone else could read it and
follow the steps. Include all the steps of the scientific method. Since you will not be able to
record data or draw a conclusion, for the last two steps please include a description of what each
step involves.
I
Your finished product should include the following:
Experiment Topic:
Experiment Purpose:
Hypothesis:
Identify the independent, dependent, and controlled variables:
These are the materials someone would need if they were going to do this experiment:
Procedures (these are the step by step instructions someone would follow to do this experiment):
This is how the experiment uses the scientific method (include all the steps in the proper
sequence):
Conclusion questions:
What measurements or other method of data collection would you use?
How could you form a statement about your hypothesis based on the data?
Answer:
Why is poop brown?
hypothesis: its really chocolate
1. eat orange foods and collect your poop
2. research how food digest
3. see if ur poop is orange or brown
4. collect ur data
independent variable
Explanation:
conculasion quesion:
how can i better collect my data?
Was ur hypothesis right?
why consumers would want GMO?
Answer:
Probably the taste,looks and/or freshness of the food/drink
Suggest a reason why the overfishing of large sharks may result in fewer bony fish.
A reason for which the overfishing of large sharks may result in fewer bony fish is the fact that large sharks are predators of species that eat bony fish, thereby helping the overall state of equilibrium in the trophic chain.
What is the verall state of equilibrium in the trophic chain?The overall state of equilibrium in the trophic chain is a phenomenon called homestasis, which is fundamental to preserving the overall health of the ecosystem and depends on the presence of apex predators such as sharks that help to reduce the number of minor predators whose overpopulation may be dangerous to the whole ecosystem.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the overall state of equilibrium in the trophic chain is based on the presence of organisms in all trophic levels including major depredators such as sharks.
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Synovial joints are freely movable joints that
a. include the neck, tabia, fibia, elbow, and knee.
b. connect the rib cage to the breastbone.
C. comprise the majority of joints in your body.
d. require little protection due to the lubricating
fluid found in the joints.
Synovial joints are freely movable joints that (a)include the neck, tabia, fibia, elbow, and knee.
Synovial joints are characterized by the presence of a synovial cavity and lubricating fluid, which allow for smooth movement between the articulating bones. Examples of synovial joints include the neck, tibia, fibula, elbow, and knee. These joints are freely movable and allow for a wide range of motion, making them important for activities such as walking, running, and jumping.
While synovial joints comprise a significant proportion of the joints in the body, they are not the majority; other types of joints include fibrous and cartilaginous joints. Despite the presence of lubricating fluid, synovial joints still require protection and care to prevent injury or degenerative changes.
Therefore, the correct option is (a) include the neck, tabia, fibia, elbow, and knee.
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LO
After heavy exercise, due to the accumulation of which substance we get muscle cramps?
a) Malaic acid
(b) Fumaric acid
(0) Lipoic acid
(d) Lactic acid
Answer:
B fumaric acid
Explanation:
Thats my answer hope it helps
Hey I know it's a lot who ever answer all I'm going to give brainliest answer thxs 1) DNA is a microscopic molecule made up of only _____ chemicals. 2) In the __________ all that was known about life was what could be seen through a _________________________. 3) Chromosomes are made of _______________ and ______________. 4) The ingredients that make DNA are known by the letters _____________________. 5) The first pictures of DNA were taken using _______________ crystallography. 6) To determine the structure of DNA, Watson & Crick chose to build _______________. 7) Watson & Crick announced they had a DNA model on _____________________. 8) After seeing the model, Rosalind Franklin said that it was _____________________. 9) Chargaff’s rule stated that the amount of _____ and the amount of _____ were equal and the amount of _____ and the amount of _____ were equal. 10) The X-pattern of DNA was the result of a shape known as a _________________________. 11) In a molecule of DNA there could be hundreds of millions of _____________________. 12) The letter ____ always combines with ____ and the letter ____ always combines with ____. 13) Watson & Crick produced their final model on _________________________. 14) Rosalind Franklin never received a Nobel prize because she _______________. 15) For DNA to be replicated it must first be _____________________. 16) The single strand of DNA is then ________________ and formed into a ________________.
Answer:
1) nitrogen bases
2) the 1950’s; microscope
3) DNA and protein
4) nucleotides
5) X-ray diffraction
6) ball-and-stick model-building
7) 25 April 1953
8) was critical to Watson and Crick
9) adenine-timine; guanine-citosine
10) double helix
11) base pairs
12) G with C and A with T
13) 1953
14) died
15) unwound
16) synthesized; a new molecule
Explanation:
Nitrogenous bases are used to construct nucleotides. Until the discovery of the helical shape of the DNA molecule, were only possible to identify the genetic material (chromosomes) by the microscope. Chromosomes are composed of DNA and proteins (histones). Nucleotides are the building blocks of the DNA molecule. The X-ray diffraction data obtained by Rosalind Franklin were used to decipher the DNA structure. The ball-and-stick is a molecular model where atoms are represented by spheres and bonds are represented by rods. Chargaff's rules indicate that the content of cytosine is equal to guanine and adenine is equal to thymine. Rosalind Franklin died of ovarian cancer in 1958. The double-stranded DNA molecule must be unwound and then the DNA strands serve as templates to synthesize identical DNA molecules.
How do plants obtain carbon dioxide?
A. They give off Carbon dioxide, they don't take it in.
B. They produce it by breaking down Glucose.
C. They absorb it out of the air.
D. They absorb it through their roots.
Answer:
C. They absorb it out of the air.
Explanation:
We breathe it out, plants breathe it in.
this answer i need pls ill mark brainliest
All - growth, exchange of gases, excretion, reproduction, and death (option d).
All living organisms undergo various life processes to maintain their existence. Let's analyze each option to determine which life processes are carried out by an organism's cells:
A. Only growth and exchange of gases: While cells are involved in growth and exchange of gases, they also participate in other life processes. This option is incomplete.
B. Only growth, exchange of gases, and reproduction: Cells play a crucial role in reproduction as they are responsible for the production of gametes and the process of cell division. However, there are additional life processes that cells also undertake.
C. Only growth, exchange of gases, excretion, and reproduction: This option includes excretion in addition to growth, exchange of gases, and reproduction. Cells participate in excretion by eliminating waste materials. However, there is one more life process that cells experience.
D. All - growth, exchange of gases, excretion, reproduction, and death: This option encompasses all the mentioned life processes. Cells are involved in growth as they undergo cell division and increase in number. They exchange gases through processes like respiration. Cells excrete waste products. They participate in reproduction through the formation of gametes and cell division. Lastly, cells also experience death as they have a limited lifespan.
Therefore, the correct answer is D. All - growth, exchange of gases, excretion, reproduction, and death.
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If the fatty acid 14:1^∆7 is completely catabolized to CO2 and H20, what would be the net yield of ATP? A) 90.5 ATP B) 92 ATP C) 92.5 ATP D) 94 ATP E) 94.5 ATP
The net yield of ATP from the catabolism of 14:1^∆7 fatty acid would be:
9 ATP + 15 ATP + 60 ATP + 2 ATP = 86 ATP.
Since none of the given options match the calculated value, it appears that none of the provided answer choices accurately represent the net yield of ATP.
If the fatty acid 14:1^∆7 is completely catabolized to CO2 and H2O, the net yield of ATP can be calculated using the beta-oxidation pathway and the citric acid cycle. Each round of beta-oxidation generates one FADH2, one NADH, and one acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle. For a 14-carbon fatty acid, there will be six rounds of beta-oxidation, resulting in six acetyl-CoA molecules. Here is the breakdown of ATP production:
- 6 FADH2 molecules yield 6 × 1.5 ATP = 9 ATP.
- 6 NADH molecules yield 6 × 2.5 ATP = 15 ATP.
- 6 acetyl-CoA molecules yield 6 × 10 ATP = 60 ATP.
- The citric acid cycle produces 2 ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.
Adding these values together, the net yield of ATP from the catabolism of 14:1^∆7 fatty acid would be:
9 ATP + 15 ATP + 60 ATP + 2 ATP = 86 ATP.
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how do you calculate the adjusted amount of energy that is available to organisms that are one trophic level above producers?(1 point)
Answer: gross primary productivity minus amount of organic material used in respiration
Explanation:
Which organism would be classified as an arthropod? crab starfish snail earthworm
Answer: Crab, because an arthropod has no spine but an external skeleton.
why should the hodgkin-huxley model of understanding the mechanisms of cerebral neurons be applied with great caution?
The hodgkin-huxley model of understanding the mechanisms of cerebral neurons be applied with great caution because : Their research was based on a type of neuron ion a particular species that may no generalize to activity in the mammalian brain.
As per this model, it describes the initiation and spread of action potentials in neurons is the Hodgkin-Huxley model, often known as the conductance-based model. An approximate representation of the electrical properties of excitable cells, such as neurons and muscle cells, is provided by a set of nonlinear differential equations. It is a dynamical system in continuous time.
The difficulty is that the Hodgkin-Huxley model's basic neurons and mechanisms are not typical of the variety, complexity, and flexibility of many of the neurons in the mammalian brain.
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what would happen if the mrna codon that coded for cys was mutated in the third position from a u to an a?\
A change from a U to an A in the third position of the cysteine (Cys) mRNA codon would cause a new amino acid to be added to the expanding polypeptide chain during translation.
Cysteine's normal codons are UGU or UGC, both of which indicate how cysteine will be added to the polypeptide chain. The codon UGA, a stop codon that denotes the completion of translation, would be produced if the U in the second position was changed to an A. A truncated or dysfunctional protein would result from the premature termination of the polypeptide chain.
Also, if the new codon specifies a different amino acid, it's feasible that the mutation will cause the polypeptide chain to contain a different amino acid. For instance, tryptophan would be incorporated into the polypeptide chain instead of cysteine if the UGU or UGC codon for cysteine was changed to UGU or UGG. The position and purpose of the amino acid inside the protein would determine how the mutation affected the protein.
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Which of the following is true about the independent variable?
It is observing the world around you
It is what happens as a result of your experiment
It is the single factor that a scientist manipulates within an experiment
It is an educated guess regarding the question
According to the research, the correct option is C. The independent variable is the single factor that a scientist manipulates within an experiment.
What is the independent variable?It is the variable whose main characteristic is that they have the capacity to adopt different values.
In this sense, it represents that which varies because it is referred to as a manipulated variable because it is assigned values that are arbitrary.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, the correct option is C. Independent variables acquire values that determine the value of the first.
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I am the example of plants with woody stems. I am smaller than trees. My branches grow close to the ground. The rose and hibiscus plants are some examples of us. What am I?
Answer: I am a Shrub
Explanation:
A Shrub also called a bush is medium-sized woody plant with many stems which is shorter than a tree but taller than a herb having a range in height of about 6-10 metres Shrubs are divided into two --- Deciduous and evergreen.
Many Shrubs are planted in homes and gardens because of the aesthetic value they provide, including serving as wind breaks when many of them are planted together.Example of Shrubs include Rose, jasmine,Hibiscus tulsi, etc.
COVID-19 Vaccine: How to Overcome Distribution Bottlenecks and Boost Success
The supply chain’s ability to support the massive rollout of the COVID-19 vaccine is being put to the test. Temperatures, transportation distances, volume - and even the timing of the vaccine’s second dose - are all critical factors. To ensure a responsive COVID-19 supply chain in the face of such daunting variables, leaders must have visibility, transparency, flexibility and foresight.
As the first COVID-19 vaccine developed by Pfizer and BioNTech is rolled out in the U.S., U.K. and other parts of the world and another 987-odd drugs and vaccines are in development (with 16 in the final phase) as of Dec. 15, 2020, pharma companies, Contract Manufacturing Organizations (CMOs) and suppliers are racing against time to put in place a sound production and supply chain plan so the vaccines can reach people speedily and securely.
There are, however, considerable uncertainties and variables at this stage that can impact the production and distribution of the vaccine:
Uncertainties on approvals: It’s not entirely clear how many vaccines will be approved. This affects the total amount of vaccine doses available (in the short to medium term) and consequently, production and distribution capacities.
Nature of vaccine: An approved vaccine that needs a continuous cold chain and specified temperature range will impact not only its distribution and allocation, but it will also have have specific packaging requirements (for some vaccines, packaging must withstand temperatures as low as minus 80 degrees Celsius). Both Pfizer and Moderna vaccines must be stored at below-zero temperatures, with the Pfizer vaccine requiring dry ice and special refrigeration.
Number of vaccinations needed: How much vaccine a country needs depends on the population to be vaccinated and the vaccination timeline. This depends on public health care capabilities and government policies. For example, there will be no compulsory COVID-19 vaccinations in Germany.
Efficacy of vaccine: The efficacy rate of a vaccine will decide how often people need to be vaccinated to contain the pandemic, which will impact production and distribution. For example, the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines require two doses that must be administered in a short sequence to be effective, so there cannot be a lag in the supply chain.
QUESTION 1 [15 MARKS]
Identify five (5) strategies that can be utilised to counteract conflict in supply chain management. Provide examples based on the case study.
These strategies promote collaboration, agility, and adaptability, which are vital for overcoming conflicts and challenges in supply chain management during the distribution of COVID-19 vaccines.
1. Establishing strong partnerships and collaboration: Pharma companies, CMOs, and suppliers can form strategic partnerships to share expertise, resources, and knowledge, thereby enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of the supply chain. For example, Pfizer and BioNTech collaborated with logistics providers and airlines to ensure the smooth transport and distribution of their COVID-19 vaccine, leveraging their respective capabilities.
2. Implementing real-time visibility and tracking systems: Deploying advanced technology solutions like Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, blockchain, and data analytics can provide real-time visibility into the supply chain, enabling stakeholders to identify and address bottlenecks proactively. This helps in ensuring timely deliveries and reducing wastage. For instance, monitoring temperature-controlled shipments using IoT sensors can help maintain the required cold chain for vaccines like Pfizer's and Moderna's.
3. Diversifying suppliers and manufacturing sites: Having multiple suppliers and manufacturing sites spread across different regions can mitigate the risk of disruptions. Pharma companies can work with multiple CMOs and suppliers to ensure redundancy in production capacity. This approach allows for flexibility in case of unforeseen events, such as manufacturing issues or transportation disruptions.
4. Developing contingency plans: Preparing contingency plans for potential challenges, such as vaccine approval delays or changes in government policies, can help minimize the impact on the supply chain. These plans should include alternative distribution channels, storage facilities, and transportation options. For example, pharma companies can maintain buffer stocks in strategic locations to handle unexpected demand surges or supply shortages.
5. Enhancing communication and transparency: Open and transparent communication among all stakeholders is crucial to address conflicts and align expectations. Sharing information on vaccine availability, distribution plans, and any changes in requirements can help stakeholders make informed decisions. Regular updates and coordination between governments, healthcare providers, and supply chain participants are essential for successful vaccine distribution.
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What will happen when the ribosome shifts one codon further on the mrna, assuming the next codon is not a stop codon?.
The tRNA in the A spot of the aforementioned figure will be expelled from the ribosome. The ribosome will attach to a fresh tRNA.
Describe a codon example.The sequence AUG, which designates the amino homocysteine, is an illustration of a codon. Every messenger RNA begins with the AUG codon, which not only codes for the amino acid methionine but also signals the beginning of a protein.
Codon and anticodon definitionsAn mRNA codon is a triplet or triple-nucleotide sequence that codes for a specific amine group during translation. A three-nucleotide sequence called the anticodon is present on tRNA and binds to the appropriate mRNA sequence. The anticodon determines which amino acid is carried by the tRNA molecule.
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Use the concept of negative feedback to explain body temperature control in humans.
Answer:
Negative feedback is a vital control mechanism for the body's homeostasis. ... When body temperature drops, the hypothalamus initiates several physiological responses to increase heat production and conserve heat: Narrowing of surface blood vessels (vasoconstriction) decreases the flow of heat to the skin.
DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids made up of nucleotides,Which is not a difference between DNA and RNA?
What is your best estimate for the natural solute concentration inside a potato cell? Explain how your data is evidence for that estimate.
This was for a potato osmosis lab
The natural solute concentration inside a potato cell have an osmotic potential of 0.2 M.
Potatoes have an osmotic potential of 0.2 M, which is the isotonic point of no net movement of water molecules across the potato cell's membrane.
What is osmotic potential?
Osmotic potential is known as the results from dissolved solutes in cell sap and is proportional to solute concentration and inversely proportional to cell water volume.
The potato was placed in 0.1 M of glucose and experienced a positive change in mass and this shows that the potatoes have a low solute concentration.
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how many glucose molecules in a polysaccharide that is hydrolzyed
Polysaccharides are macromolecules formed by joining many monosaccharides with glycosidic bonds. They are essential carbohydrates found in many types of organisms, serving as energy sources and structural components. The breakdown of these polymers requires the hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond to release the individual monosaccharides that make up the polymer.
In other words, polysaccharides can be broken down into individual glucose molecules through hydrolysis. The number of glucose molecules obtained through the hydrolysis of a polysaccharide depends on the type of polysaccharide. For example, starch, which is the primary carbohydrate storage molecule in plants, is composed of glucose molecules that are joined together in long chains. The number of glucose molecules obtained from hydrolysis of starch depends on the length of the chains and the degree of branching within the molecule. Amylose, a component of starch, is an unbranched polymer of glucose.
Therefore, hydrolysis of amylose yields several glucose molecules. Amylopectin, on the other hand, is a branched polymer of glucose, which has multiple points of attachment. This branching pattern creates a more complex structure, which requires several different enzymes to break down the molecule.
As a result, hydrolysis of amylopectin yields many more glucose molecules than amylose. A single molecule of glycogen, which is the primary carbohydrate storage molecule in animals, is a highly branched polymer of glucose. Hydrolysis of glycogen results in the release of many glucose molecules.
In conclusion, the number of glucose molecules obtained through the hydrolysis of a polysaccharide depends on its type, and it can range from several to many glucose molecules.
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Which male accessory organ functions as the site of sperm maturation?
a. epididymis
b. prostate gland
c. urethra
d. ductus deferens
The male accessory organ which functions as the site of sperm maturation is the epididymis.
The epididymis is a long, tightly coiled tube that sits on top of each testicle. It's a highly convoluted duct-like system, composed of a single layer of ciliated pseudostratified epithelium, that connects the rete testis with the vas deferens.
The epididymis is divided into three anatomical parts that are classified as the head, body, and tail. The epididymis plays a critical role in male reproduction and is responsible for the storage, maturation, and transport of sperm.
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Environmental science which of the following is a result of human impact on the nitrogen cycle?
Answer:
Scientists have determined that humans are disrupting the nitrogen cycle by altering the amount of nitrogen that is stored in the biosphere. The chief culprit is fossil fuel combustion, which releases nitric oxides into the air that combine with other elements to form smog and acid rain.
Explanation:
the testis is divided into seminiferous tubules which contain the lobules that produce sperm and the ejaculatory duct that allows the sperm to be ejected from the body. True/False
True, testes is divided into seminiferous tubules which contain the lobules that produce sperm and the ejaculatory duct that allows the sperm to be ejected from the body.
Seminiferous tubules are a term used to describe the countless little tube structures that make up the testes, the main male reproductive organs. Sperm are created in these tubules, which are bordered by germinal cells that go through spermatogenesis, the process of creating sperm cells. The germinal cells are located in lobules, which are collections of tubules that are grouped into lobules.
The testes have seminiferous tubules as well as a network of ducts that move sperm from the sperm production site to the exterior of the body. The epididymis, which gathers and stores sperm, is one of these ducts.
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The hypothalamus is the part of the brain that regulates __________. A. Hunger B. Food preference C. Achievement motivation D. The need for acceptance.
The hypothalamus is a region of the brain present near the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus is the part of the brain that regulates hunger.
The correct option is A.
What is Hypothalamus?Hypothalamus is a small part of the brain present at the base of the brain.
It regulates daily psychological activities and controls the release of hormones.
Thus, the correct option is A, hunger is regulated by the hypothalamus.
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Answer:
a
Explanation:
How are protein foods related to cardiovascular disease, cancer, osteoporosis, or kidney disease? Explain how protein food choices might increase or decrease the health risk.
Protein is a vital macronutrient that plays a significant role in maintaining good health. However, the consumption of protein foods is associated with a higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease, cancer, osteoporosis, and kidney disease.
The relationship between protein foods and these diseases can be explained as follows:Cardiovascular disease
Consuming high amounts of protein foods like red meat, eggs, and dairy products increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.
These foods are high in saturated fats and cholesterol, which can lead to the formation of plaques in the arteries, resulting in heart attacks, strokes, and other heart diseases.Cancer
Research has shown that consuming high amounts of animal protein foods increases the risk of developing cancer, particularly colon, prostate, and breast cancer.
Animal protein foods contain heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are known carcinogens that damage DNA and increase the risk of cancer.
Osteoporosis
Excessive consumption of protein foods, particularly animal protein foods, can lead to the loss of calcium from the bones. When protein is metabolized in the body, it produces acid, which the body neutralizes by using calcium from the bones.
This leads to a loss of bone density, increasing the risk of osteoporosis.Kidney disease
Consuming high amounts of protein foods can also increase the risk of kidney disease, particularly in people who have pre-existing kidney problems. When protein is metabolized in the body, it produces waste products that the kidneys have to eliminate. Consuming excessive amounts of protein foods can overload the kidneys and cause them to function less effectively.
Protein food choices might increase or decrease the risk of developing these diseases.
For instance, consuming plant-based protein sources like legumes, nuts, and seeds may lower the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, cancer, and kidney disease.
On the other hand, consuming excessive amounts of animal protein foods like red meat, eggs, and dairy products may increase the risk of developing these diseases.
Therefore, it is important to make wise choices when it comes to consuming protein foods to maintain good health.
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what is polarity ? pls actually help me :)
Answer:
Polarity is the distribution of electric charge over the atoms joined by the bond.
Question involving the equations for Hardy Weinberg equilibrium (A^2+2Aa+a^2=1, A+a=1)
The question is in the file.
Answer:
Frequency of dominant allele is 0.9029
Explanation:
Total number of organisms = 12,845
Number of organisms representing dominant trait = 11,596. These organisms might have heterozygotes with one dominant allele and one recessive allele.
Hence, Number of organisms with recessive alleles = 12845 – 11596 = 1249
Frequency of recessive allele (q) = 1249/12845 = 0.0971
Frequency of dominant allele (p) = 1- q = 1- 0.0971 = 0.9029
Based on the audio, what ecosystems can people explore in the park? glaciers and waterfalls jungles and mountains rivers and mountains waterfalls and rivers.
In accordance with the Spanish audio, the South American park stated there has the following tourist attractions. Ecosystem which people can explore in the park are mountains, glaciers, and lakes.
Topography of South America
Mountains and glaciers are frequently found in South America because of the continent's extensive mountain chain, which is formed from the Andes mountain range and spans seven nations and 3,371 million km2.
The audio also includes volcanoes, lakes, and other features that are not discussed in this audio, but lakes are a common feature in South American landscapes.
Studying the contours and characteristics of land surfaces is known as topography. The elevation, slope, and orientation of landforms like mountains, valleys, rivers, and other physical features are typically depicted on maps or charts. In addition, topography can relate to a location's actual physical characteristics, such as its topography, climate, and vegetation.
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Answer:
Jungles and mountains
Explanation:
i did it