The correct answer are 0.77 kJ/K . The formula δs = (heat of vaporization/moles of substance) × (1/temperature in Kelvin) is used to calculate the entropy change of vaporization for a substance.
In this case, the molar heat of vaporization of ethanol and the number of moles of ethanol are given, so we can use this formula to calculate δs.
The boiling point of ethanol is also given, which can be converted to temperature in Kelvin by adding 273.15 K to the Celsius temperature.
Plugging in the values, we get δs = (39.3 kj/mol / 0.30 mol) × (1/351.45 K) = 0.77 kJ/K.
Therefore, the entropy change of the vaporization of 0.30 mol of ethanol is 0.77 kJ/K. This value represents the increase in entropy that occurs when 0.30 moles of ethanol is vaporized at its boiling point.
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PLEASEEE HELP ASAPPPPP

Answer: answer A
Explanation: because it gives more detail and a summarizations
plss help . i have no idea
Answer:
Protons and Neutrons have approximately the same mass.
Equal numbers of protons and electrons make an atom neutral.
Protons have a positive charge
Explanation:
Protons and Neutrons have approximately the same mass. - both are 1 amu
Equal numbers of protons and electrons make an atom neutral. - protons are +1 and electrons are -1, so they cancel each other if there are equal amounts.
Protons have a positive charge - this is true.
What amount of heat, in KJ, would be involved in condensing 12. 9 g of ch3OH ?(hvap=38. 0 kj/mol
The amount of the heat in kJ , would be involved in the condensing 12.9v g of the CH₃OH is the 15.2 kJ.
Given that :
The mass of the CH₃OH = 12.9 g
The ΔH = 38 kJ/mol
The molar mass = 32 g/mol
The number of the moles = mass / molar mass
The number of the mole = 12.9 / 32
= 0.403 mol
The number of the moles is 0.403 mol
The amount of the heat is given as :
Q = n ΔH
Q = 0.403 × 38
Q = 15.2 kJ.
Thus, the amount of the heat is 15.2 kJ.
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Use linear algebra to balance the chemical equation: C7H₁6 +0₂ → CO₂ + H₂O. 20. Let V be the set of all vectors in ³ whose components sum to zero (e.g. (-5, 2, 3) is in the set V but (0, 0, 1) is not). Is V a subspace of R³2 Give compelling evidence either way. 15. (Determine the quadratic interpolant to the given data set using linear algebraic techniques. (The quadratic interpolant is a quadratic equation that best approximates the data set). {(6.667, 46.307), (4.567, 16.582), (3.333, 4.857)}
The balanced chemical equation is:
0.5C7H16 + O2 → 0.5CO2 + H2O
For balancing the chemical equation C7H16 + O2 → CO2 + H2O, we can use linear algebraic techniques. We need to determine the coefficients that balance the number of atoms on both sides of the equation.
Let's denote the coefficients for C7H16, O2, CO2, and H2O as a, b, c, and d, respectively.
The balanced chemical equation can be written as:
aC7H16 + bO2 → cCO2 + dH2O
To balance the carbon (C) atoms, we have:
7a = c (Equation 1)
To balance the hydrogen (H) atoms, we have:
16a = 2d (Equation 2)
To balance the oxygen (O) atoms, we have:
2b = 2c + d (Equation 3)
We have three equations (Equations 1, 2, and 3) and four unknowns (a, b, c, d). To solve this system of equations, we can write it in matrix form and find the solution using linear algebraic techniques.
The augmented matrix for the system of equations is:
[ 7 0 -1 0 | 0 ]
[ 0 0 0 -2 | 0 ]
[ 0 -2 2 -1 | 0 ]
By performing row operations to row-reduce the augmented matrix, we can obtain the solution:
[ 1 0 -0.5 0 ]
[ 0 1 -1 -0.5 ]
[ 0 0 0 0 ]
The solution to the system of equations is:
a = 0.5
b = 1
c = 0.5
d = 1
Putting the values of a,b,c, and d we get the balanced chemical equation as:
0.5C7H16 + O2 → 0.5CO2 + H2O
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A graph titled Average Amplitude of Waves from 2009 to 2011 with vertical axis Average Amplitude (meters) and horizontal axis Year. A line goes in straight segments from 2009 50 to 2010 175 to 2012 125.
A structural engineer is using this table to design a wall to protect a city near the ocean.
How high should the engineer build the wall?
50 meters
100 meters
150 meters
200 meters
Answer:
200
Explanation:
got it right on the test
Answer:
200
Explanation:
the action force
According to Newton's third law of motion, a reaction force between two objects is
but in the opposite direction.
equal to
greater than
less than
Answer:
equal to - it's opposite but equal energy is the third law
How many milliliters of 0.200 M NaOH are required to completely neutralize 5.00 mL of 0.100 M H3PO4? A) 7.50 mL B) 2.50 mL C) 0.833 mL D) 5.00 mL E) 15.0 mL
The amount required of of 0.200 M NaOH are required to completely neutralize 5.00 mL of 0.100 M H3PO4 is A) 7.50 mL.
To solve this problem, we need to use the equation:
acid (H3PO4) + base (NaOH) → salt (Na3PO4) + water (H2O)
We can use the balanced equation to determine the mole ratio of H3PO4 to NaOH:
1 mol H3PO4 : 3 mol NaOH
Next, we can use the equation:
moles = concentration × volume
to determine the number of moles of H3PO4:
moles H3PO4 = 0.100 M × 5.00 mL / 1000 mL/L = 0.0005 mol
Using the mole ratio, we can determine the number of moles of NaOH required to neutralize the H3PO4:
moles NaOH = 3 × moles H3PO4 = 3 × 0.0005 mol = 0.0015 mol
Finally, we can use the equation:
volume = moles / concentration
to determine the volume of 0.200 M NaOH required:
volume NaOH = 0.0015 mol / 0.200 M = 0.0075 L = 7.50 mL
Therefore, the answer is A) 7.50 mL.
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7.50 mL of 0.200 M NaOH are required to completely neutralize 5.00 mL of 0.100 M H3PO4. The correct option is A.
To solve this problem, we need to use the balanced chemical equation for the neutralization reaction between NaOH and H3PO4:
3 NaOH + H3PO4 -> Na3PO4 + 3 H2O
From the equation, we can see that 1 mole of H3PO4 reacts with 3 moles of NaOH. Therefore, the number of moles of NaOH required to neutralize 0.100 moles of H3PO4 is:
0.100 mol H3PO4 x 3 mol NaOH/1 mol H3PO4 = 0.300 mol NaOH
Now we can use the molarity and volume of NaOH to calculate the number of moles of NaOH present:
0.200 mol/L x V(L) = 0.300 mol
V(L) = 0.300 mol / 0.200 mol/L = 1.50 L
However, we need to convert the volume of NaOH from liters to milliliters:
V(mL) = 1.50 L x 1000 mL/L = 1500 mL
Finally, we can use the volume of NaOH required to neutralize the H3PO4:
V(NaOH) = 5.00 mL x (1.50 mL/1000 mL) = 0.0075 L
Therefore, the answer is A) 7.50 mL of 0.200 M NaOH are required to completely neutralize 5.00 mL of 0.100 M H3PO4.
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Predict the products and balance the equation.
NaCl (aq) + KNO₂ (aq) →
Sodium chloride is produced and used in the production of polyester, paper, rubber, glass, chlorine, household bleach, soaps, detergents, and dyes.
Is salt the same as sodium chloride?Chemically speaking, salt is a combination of chloride and sodium. Actually, the element that is most harmful to your health is sodium. (Therefore, the chloride is what gives food its "salty" flavor.).
Why do doctors administer sodium chloride to patients?To replace salt and water that have been lost from your body as a result of specific conditions, sodium chloride 23.4% injection is employed (eg, hyponatremia or low salt syndrome). Additionally, it is added to IV fluids that contain carbohydrates and parenteral nutrition total (TPN).
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Can anyone help me with this assignment? Will give Brainliest.
Answer:
i cant get the pdf im so sorry
Explanation:
Answer:
Yes if u need help?
Explanation:
use the tabulated half-cell potentials to calculate δg° for the following balanced redox reaction. 3 i2(s) 2 fe(s) → 2 fe3 (aq) 6 i-(aq) i2(s) 2 e- → 2 i-(aq) e°
The standard Gibbs free energy change (ΔG°) for the given redox reaction is -20979 J/mol.
To calculate the standard Gibbs free energy change (ΔG°) for the given balanced redox reaction, we need to use the tabulated half-cell potentials (E°) and the Nernst equation.
The given half-reactions are:
1) I2(s) + 2e- → 2I-(aq) with E° = 0.535 V
2) Fe3+(aq) + 3e- → Fe(s) with E° = -0.036 V
The overall reaction is:
3I2(s) + 2Fe(s) → 2Fe3+(aq) + 6I-(aq)
We can use the Nernst equation to calculate the overall cell potential (Ecell):
Ecell = E°cathode - E°anode
= (0.000 V) - (-0.036 V)
= 0.036 V
The standard Gibbs free energy change (ΔG°) can be calculated using the formula:
ΔG° = -nFEcell
where n is the number of electrons transferred in the balanced equation (in this case, 6) and F is Faraday's constant (F = 96485 C/mol).
ΔG° = -(6)(96485 C/mol)(0.036 V)
= -20979 J/mol
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How does Mrs Hutchinson feel about the lottery?
Tessie Hutchinson arrives at the lottery late and cracks a joke as soon as she enters. When it's time to pull, she mockingly tells her husband to get going while pulling a piece of paper. Tessie does not take the lottery seriously throughout the narrative because she and everyone else are accustomed to it.
What is Mrs. Hutchinson's opinion of the lottery?
As she crack jokes with her neighbors, she adopts a relaxed demeanor that abruptly changes after the Hutchinson family is chosen at random. She makes an attempt to argue that the drawing wasn't fair by making an ineffective appeal to her friends and neighbors, whom she had previously engaged in amicable conversation with.
There is moral tension among some of the characters in "The Lottery." Many residents of the community consider it to be their ingrained way of life. They sacrifice the "winner" without hesitation and without feeling any regret.
As was said in the previous portions, Tessie Hutchinson serves as both a spokesperson for and a scapegoat for the residents of the town. She stands for the archaic, wicked side of humanity in contemporary civilization.
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When 496.5 grams of pb(no3)2 reacts completely with kbr, how much will the
total mass of the products be? explain your answer.
mass mass problem - mass of reactant to mass of product
The total mass of the items is 853.8 g, according to the solution.
How much do the products weigh in total?We are aware that in order to determine the mass of the products and the overall mass of the products produced by the reaction, the stoichiometric principles must be applied.
The answer to the question states that 496. 5 grammes of lead II nitrate react with potassium bromide in a way that the lead II nitrate is totally consumed in the reaction. This indicates that the lead II nitrate is the reaction's limiting reactant.
According to the given information:Number of lead II nitrate moles
= 496. 5 grams /331 g/mol
= 1.5 moles
If 1 mole of lead II nitrate produces 1 mole of lead II bromide
Mass of lead II bromide produced
= 1.5 moles * 367 g/mol
= 550.5 g
If 2 moles of potassium nitrate are created from 1 mole of lead II nitrate
1.5 moles of lead II nitrate produces
= 1.5 * 2 /1
= 3 moles of potassium nitrate
Mass of potassium nitrate
= 3 moles * 101.1
= 303.3 g
Total mass produced
= 550.5 g + 303.3 g
= 853.8 g
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How many chlorine atoms does 7.30 g sample of iron (II) chloride contain? MM FeCl2= 126.8 g/mol
To determine how many chlorine atoms are present in a 7.30 g sample of iron(II) chloride (FeCl2), you can use the molar mass of FeCl2 and the given mass of the sample.
First, you need to convert the mass of the sample from grams to moles using the molar mass of FeCl2:
mass (g) / molar mass (g/mol) = moles
7.30 g / 126.8 g/mol = 0.0578 moles
Iron(II) chloride is composed of one atom of Iron and two atoms of chlorine, so for every 1 mole of FeCl2, there are 2 moles of chlorine atoms.
To find the number of chlorine atoms in the sample, we need to multiply the number of moles of FeCl2 by the number of chlorine atoms per mole:
moles of FeCl2 x (number of chlorine atoms / 1 mole of FeCl2) = moles of chlorine atoms
0.0578 moles x 2 = 0.1156 moles
To convert moles of chlorine atoms to the number of atoms, we need to multiply by Avogadro's number which is 6.022 x 10^23 atoms/mol
0.1156 moles x 6.022 x 10^23 atoms/mol = 6.93 x 10^22 atoms of chlorine.
So 7.30 g sample of iron (II) chloride contains 6.93 x 10^22 atoms of chlorine.
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the gas in a 225.0 ml piston experiences a change in pressure from 1.00 atm to 2.90 atm. what is the new volume (in ml) assuming the moles of gas and temperature are held constant?
When a gas is subjected to changes in pressure, volume, or temperature, its properties change. However, when moles of gas and temperature are held constant, the only property that changes is the volume of the gas. In this case, the gas in a 225.0 ml piston experiences a change in pressure from 1.00 atm to 2.90 atm, which means the volume of the gas must have decreased.
Boyle's Law states that for a given amount of gas at constant temperature, the product of the pressure and volume is constant. Mathematically, this is represented as P1V1 = P2V2, where P1 and V1 are the initial pressure and volume, and P2 and V2 are the final pressure and volume.
Given:
Initial pressure (P1) = 1.00 atm
Initial volume (V1) = 225.0 mL
Final pressure (P2) = 2.90 atm
We need to find the new volume (V2).
Using Boyle's Law, P1V1 = P2V2:
(1.00 atm) * (225.0 mL) = (2.90 atm) * V2
Now, solve for V2:
V2 = (1.00 atm * 225.0 mL) / (2.90 atm)
V2 ≈ 77.6 mL
So, when the pressure changes from 1.00 atm to 2.90 atm, the new volume of the gas in the piston is approximately 77.6 mL, assuming the moles of gas and temperature are held constant.
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Which statement correctly describes the relationship between air temperature and air pressure?
-Warm air rises, creating an area of low pressure.
-Cool air sinks, creating an area of low pressure.
-Warm air sinks, creating an area of low pressure.
-Cool air rises, creating an area of low pressure.
Answer:
-Warm air sinks, creating an area of low pressure.
Explanation:
Heat will weigh more, than cool air!
Could someone help me answer these questions with the answer and typed steps for how each answer was found? I asked this question previously but, I could not read the handwritten answer.
7. A 25 g soil sample was extracted with 75 mL of NH4OAc (pH 7.0), and the filtrate was analyzed
on an atomic absorption unit. The following results were obtained:
100 mg/L Ca2+, 45 mg/L Mg2+, 85.5 mg/L K+, 94.2 mg/L Al3+ and 8.0 mg/L H+.
a. What is the CEC in cmol(+)/kg for this sample?
b. What is the % B.S. for this soil?
c. What is the % acid saturation for this soil sample?
The CEC for this soil sample is 675.2 cmol(+)/kg.
The % Base Saturation for this soil sample is approximately 136.62%.
The % Acid Saturation for this soil sample is approximately 60.55%.
To calculate the CEC, % Base Saturation (B.S.), and % Acid Saturation for the given soil sample:
a. Calculation of CEC (Cation Exchange Capacity):
CEC is the sum of exchangeable cations in the soil. From the given results, we have:
CEC = Ca2+ + Mg2+ + K+ + Al3+
CEC = (100 mg/L + 45 mg/L + 85.5 mg/L + 94.2 mg/L) / (25 g / 1000)
CEC = 168.7 mg / (25 g / 1000)
CEC = 675.2 cmol(+)/kg
b. Calculation of % Base Saturation (B.S.):
% B.S. represents the percentage of CEC occupied by base cations. In this case, we consider Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ as base cations. The formula to calculate % B.S. is:
% B.S. = (Ca2+ + Mg2+ + K+) / CEC * 100
% B.S. = (100 mg/L + 45 mg/L + 85.5 mg/L) / (168.7 cmol(+)/kg) * 100
% B.S. = 230.5 mg / (168.7 cmol(+)/kg) * 100
% B.S. = 136.62%
c. Calculation of % Acid Saturation:
% Acid Saturation represents the percentage of CEC occupied by acid cations, in this case, H+ and Al3+. The formula to calculate % Acid Saturation is:
% Acid Saturation = (H+ + Al3+) / CEC * 100
% Acid Saturation = (8.0 mg/L + 94.2 mg/L) / (168.7 cmol(+)/kg) * 100
% Acid Saturation = 102.2 mg / (168.7 cmol(+)/kg) * 100
% Acid Saturation = 60.55%
Please note that the given values were in milligrams per liter (mg/L), and the CEC and % Saturation values were calculated assuming a conversion from mg/L to cmol(+)/kg using the mass of the soil sample (25 g).
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How many moles of Li3PO4 are in 2.2 L of a 0.6 M solution of Li3PO4? (remember Molarity=moles of solute/liters of solution)
Answer:
5 is the answer since I did this and got it rigt
Calculate the temperature at which air possess the density equal to that of hydrogen at 0%. Density of air at NTP is 14.4.
Answer:
Density of air at nTP is 14.4. Ans: 3658.2 °C. GOOD LESSONS ♡
This question is about elements, compounds and mixtures.
(a) Name the element that burns with a lilac flame.
Answer:
answer is potasium means k
Answer:
i think potassium
Explaination:
A stereomicroscope has a ______ field of view and ______ depth of field than compound microscopes.
A stereomicroscope has a larger field of view and shallower depth of field than compound microscopes.
At low magnifications, a stereomicroscope, also referred to as a dissecting microscope, is intended to give a three-dimensional picture of specimens. For binocular vision, it typically has two distinct optical pathways for each eye. Compared to a compound microscope, this design allows for a wider field of view, allowing you to see a bigger portion of the specimen.
Stereomicroscopes have lower magnification levels, therefore the depth of field is shallower as a result. The range of distances that appear in focus at a specific magnification is referred to as the depth of field. Only a small portion of the specimen's depth can be clearly seen at once using a stereomicroscope. This is because, unlike compound microscopes, which are used largely for studying fine internal structures, stereomicroscopes are employed primarily for observing the surface details of objects.
Contrarily, compound microscopes are made for seeing thin, clear specimens at high magnification. They have a limited range of view but a larger depth of field, enabling close analysis of minuscule specimen structures.
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75% of the gases that make up the atmosphere are found below
16 kilometers
6 kilometers
10 kilometers
12 kilometers
What types of atoms typically form covalent bonds?
Answer:
In a covalent bond, the atoms bond by sharing electrons. Covalent bonds usually occur between nonmetals. For example, in water (H2O) each hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) share a pair of electrons to make a molecule of two hydrogen atoms single bonded to a single oxygen atom.
hope this helped
please give brainlist
Answer:
Nonmetals with Nonmetals
Explanation:
Their difference in electronegativity is below 1.7
In what way is the Moon different from the Earth?
A. The Moon has no gravity.
B. The Moon receives no light from the Sun.
C. There are no mountains on the Moon.
D. The Moon has minimal atmosphere.
The average gravity at Earth's surface is 9.8 meters per second per second. For example, when something is thrown off the top of a building or the edge of a cliff, it falls at a speed of 9.8 meters per second. The surface gravity of the Moon is around 1/6th as strong, or 1.6 meters per second every second.
The moon doesn't generate its own light, unlike a lamp or our sun. Actually, moonlight is sunlight that shines on the moon and reflects off of it. On the surface of the moon, the light bounces off old volcanoes, craters, and lava flows.
The Sun provides light to the Moon. The moon is home to some rather sizable mountains in addition to enormous craters and vast lava fields.
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if a solution is created by adding water to 2.3 x 10^-4 moles of naoh and 4.5 x 10^-6 moles of hbr until 1l, what is the ph of this solution
The pH of the solution is determined by using the equation mentioned : pH = - log[H+]Where, [H+] = 10^-pH Given the question, the solution has 2.3 x 10^-4 moles of NaOH and 4.5 x 10^-6 moles of HBr in 1 L of water. In order to find the pH of the solution, first, we need to determine the number of moles of H+ ions available in the solution.
Moles of H+ ions = Moles of HBr + Moles of NaOH - Moles of OH-Moles of H+ ions = 4.5 x 10^-6 + 2.3 x 10^-4 - (2 x 2.3 x 10^-4)Moles of H+ ions = 4.5 x 10^-6 + 2.3 x 10^-4 - 4.6 x 10^-4Moles of H+ ions = 1.85 x 10^-4 pH = -log[H+]pH = -log[1.85 x 10^-4]pH = 3.73 (approx)Therefore, the pH of the solution is 3.73 (approx).
The solution has 2.3 x 10^-4 moles of NaOH and 4.5 x 10^-6 moles of HBr in 1 L of water. In order to find the pH of the solution, first, we need to determine the number of moles of H+ ions available in the solution. Moles of H+ ions = Moles of HBr + Moles of NaOH - Moles of OH-Moles of H+ ions = 4.5 x 10^-6 + 2.3 x 10^-4 - (2 x 2.3 x 10^-4)Moles of H+ ions = 4.5 x 10^-6 + 2.3 x 10^-4 - 4.6 x 10^-4Moles of H+ ions = 1.85 x 10^-4.
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How to read the volume of the solution in the buret? how to get the number, need to subtract something?
To read the volume of the solution in the buret, you need to look at the meniscus of the liquid.
The meniscus is the curved surface of the liquid, and it will indicate the level of the liquid inside the buret. You need to look at the meniscus from eye level and then read the volume of the solution at the bottom or top of the meniscus. You do not need to subtract anything when reading the volume of the solution in the buret, just read the volume directly from the meniscus.meniscus, which is the curved surface of the liquid inside the buret.
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Choose an example of a reaction to which Markovnikov's rule applies.
O CH₂=CH-CH2-CH3 + HBr CH₂ Br=CH2-CH2-CH3
O CH,=CH-CH, CH3 + HBr → CHg =CHBr–CH2–CH3
O CH,=CH-CH,—CH, + HBr → CH,Br–CHBr–CH2–CH, + HBr CH₂Br-CH2-CH2-CH3
O CH₂=CH-CH2-CH3 O CH,=CH-CH2–CH3 + HBr → CH3–CHBr–CH2–CH3
The example of a reaction to which Markovnikov's rule applies is: CH₂=CH-CH₂-CH₃ + HBr → CH₂Br-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃
In this reaction, the hydrogen atom from HBr adds to the carbon atom with the fewer alkyl substituents (less substituted carbon), while the bromine atom adds to the carbon atom with more alkyl substituents (more substituted carbon). This follows Markovnikov's rule, which states that in the addition of a protic acid (such as HBr) to an asymmetrically substituted alkene, the hydrogen atom adds to the less substituted carbon and the other atom adds to the more substituted carbon.
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All of the following enforce municipal securities industry rules EXCEPT A) Office of the Comptroller of the Currency B) MSRB C) FINRA D) SEC
A) All of the following enforce municipal securities industry rules EXCEPT Office of the Comptroller of the Currency.
The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) primarily regulates and supervises national banks and federal savings associations. While it plays a crucial role in overseeing the banking system, it is not directly responsible for enforcing municipal securities industry rules. On the other hand, the other options listed—MSRB (Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board), FINRA (Financial Industry Regulatory Authority), and SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission)—are all involved in regulating and enforcing rules related to municipal securities. The MSRB is a self-regulatory organization that creates rules and regulations for broker-dealers and banks engaged in the municipal securities market. FINRA is another self-regulatory organization that oversees brokerage firms and their registered representatives, including those involved in municipal securities transactions. The SEC, as the primary regulatory body for the securities industry, has the authority to enforce rules and regulations related to municipal securities to protect investors and ensure fair and transparent markets.
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Catalysts, including enzymes, have the role of Select one: a. changing a nonspontaneous chemical reaction to spontaneous. b. lowering the activation energy of a reaction. c. heating up the reactants to make the reaction progress faster. d. changing the pH to a favorable pH for the reaction to progress.
Answer:
Lowering activation energy of a reaction.
Explanation:
Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy required by the reactants just to be converted to products.
Since catalysts increase the rate of reaction, activation complex is reached in short period of time hence activation energy is lowered.
What mass of water is produced when 5.0 mol o2 is produced by this reaction?
Answer:
39.0
Explanation:
what is the experimental group in the alka-seltzer experiment
The Alka-Seltzer experiment's experimental group is the group of volunteers who are given Alka-Seltzer pills to ingest.
The experiment's goal is to test the hypothesis that Alka-Seltzer pills will shorten the time it takes for stomach discomfort to go away. The control group consists of volunteers who were given a placebo, or a false drug, instead of the Alka-Seltzer pills.
The experimental group is critical to the experiment because it allows for a comparison of the outcomes seen in subjects given Alka-Seltzer pills vs those given a placebo. The hypothesis could not be tested and the results could not be appropriately understood in the absence of an experimental group.
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