what factors determine whether a collision between two reactant molecules will result in a reaction? the particles must be charged. the particles must collide with enough energy to meet the activation energy of the reaction. the particles must be in the correct orientation upon impact. the energies of the colliding particles must be equal to each other.

Energy is taken in by a system from its surroundings during endothermic reactions. In a chemical equation or reaction, this means that the products will have more energy than the reactants.

Exothermic means that the chemical reaction releases energy. In exothermic reactions, bonds are broken in the reactants, but more energy is expended when the bonds are broken in the products. Endothermic chemical processes are those that take in energy.

Reactions that are endothermic are the reverse of those that are exothermic. Their surroundings heat them up, which they absorb. Therefore, endothermic reactions result in a cooler environment around them. This sort of interaction is demonstrated by the melting of ice.

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In order to solve this, you will need to know how many moles of CaCl2 you will need, and to do so, you must look at the concentration of the solution.

You are told that the concentration of the solution is 0.19M, meaning that there is 0.19 moles of CaCl2 for every 1 liter of solution. However, you don't have 1 liter of solution, you have 445.2 mL. You must convert this to liters by dividing by 1000.

445.2 mL *  (1 L / 1000 mL) = 0.4452 L

Now, you can solve for how many moles the solution must have. Since M = mol / L and you are given M and L, you can set up an equality as follows:

0.19M = mol / 0.4452 L

Now, in order to find the number of moles, you multiply both sides by 0.4452L

0.19M * 0.4452 L = moles = 0.084588mol  

Now, you must calculate the molar mass of CaCl2 by using the periodic table

MM Ca = 40.078 g/mol

MM Cl = 35.452 g/mol

40.078 + (35.452 * 2) = 110.982 g/mol

Now you multiply the number of moles in the solution you calculated by the molar mass.

0.084588mol * 110.982 g/mol = 9.387 g CaCl2

Answer:

1.14 moles of oxygen will react

Explanation:

The balanced equation of reaction between iron and oxygen is  

4 Fe + 3 O₂  → 2 Fe₂O₃

By stoichiometry of the reaction (that is, the relationship between the amount of reagents and products in a chemical reaction), the following amounts of each compound participate in the reaction:

The molar mass of iron being Fe 55.85 g/mole, then the following amount of mass reacts by stoichiometry: 4 moles* 55.85 g/mole=223.4 g

You can apply the following rule of three: if by stoichiometry 223.4 grams of Fe react with 3 moles of O₂, 84.9 grams of Fe react with how many moles of O₂?

\(moles of O_{2} =\frac{84.9 grams of Fe*3 moles ofO_{2} }{223.4 grams of Fe}\)

moles of O₂= 1.14 moles

1.14 moles of oxygen will react

Equilibrium is a state in a chemical reaction where the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction, resulting in no net change in the concentrations of reactants and products. It is represented by a double arrow (⇌) in chemical equations. In the given equation: H₂O (g) + CO (g) ⇌ H₂(g) + CO₂(g) + 42 KJ

To shift the equilibrium to the right, one or more of the following could occur:

Increasing the concentration of H₂ or CO₂

Decreasing the concentration of H₂O or CO

Increasing the pressure

Removing some of the products (H₂ and CO₂)

Decreasing the temperature

To shift the equilibrium to the left, one or more of the following could occur:

Decreasing the concentration of H₂ or CO₂

Decreasing the pressure

Increasing the temperature

If pressure is increased, the equilibrium will shift in the direction that produces fewer moles of gas. In this case, since there are fewer moles of gas on the right side of the equation (H₂ and CO₂), the equilibrium will shift to the right. If heat is added, the equilibrium will shift in the endothermic direction to absorb the additional heat. In this case, the forward reaction is endothermic (42 KJ on the right side), so the equilibrium will shift to the right to consume the added heat.

If CO is added, the equilibrium will shift to the right to consume the additional CO.The concentration of H₂O and CO₂ will increase, while the concentrations of H₂ and CO will decrease until a new equilibrium is reached.

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Answer:

1.35 m

Explanation:

We can solve this problem by using the freezing point depression formula:

Where:

We input the data:

And solve for m:

Answer:

125 gm

Explanation:

15.9 / 5.3 = 3 half lives

1000 (1/2)^3 =

American interest in developing a hydrogen bomb intensified after the Soviet Union successfully detonated its first atomic bomb in 1949. This event, known as the "Soviet atomic bomb project," caused great concern in the United States and led to a renewed emphasis on the development of more powerful nuclear weapons.

The hydrogen bomb, also known as a thermonuclear bomb, is much more powerful than an atomic bomb, as it utilizes the fusion of hydrogen isotopes to release a tremendous amount of energy. The United States successfully detonated its first hydrogen bomb in 1952, marking a significant milestone in the country's nuclear weapons program. The development of the hydrogen bomb ushered in a new era of nuclear weapons technology, as both the United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a race to build bigger and more destructive weapons.

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Answer:

Calcium chloride cannot melt the ice at -20°C. Cryoscopy is the method of determining a decrease in melting point due to dissolved substances.

Answer:

Explanation:

a substance's enthalpy of fusion tells you how much heat is needed in order to convert

1 g

of said substance from solid at its melting point to liquid at its melting point.

In water's case, an enthalpy of fusion equal to

333.55 J g

−

1

tells you that

1 g

of ice at

0

∘

C

can be converted to

1 g

of liquid water at

0

∘

C

by supplying

333.55 J

of heat.

Your ice cube has a mass of

55.0 g

, which means that it will require

55.0

g

⋅

=

Δ

H

fus



333.55 J

1

g

=

18,345.25 J

Rounded to three sig figs, the number of sig figs you have for the mass of the ice cube, the answer will be

heat needed

=

∣

∣

∣

∣

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

a

a

18,300 J

a

a

∣

∣

−−−−−−−−−−

Metallic Minerals will be minerals in which metal components are available in their crude structure. Non-metallic minerals don't contain any metal substances in them. At the point when metallic minerals are dissolved another item is shaped. Non-metallic minerals are frequently discovered installed in youthful overlay mountains and sedimentary rocks.

Answer:

Salt molecules block water molecules from packing together when temperature is lowered. It then prevents them from becoming ice. More water molecules leave the solid phase than the ones entering the solid phase. Freezing point depression occurs when the freezing point of the liquid is lowered by addition of solute.

Explanation:

When helium–neon laser light is sent through a 0.310-mm-wide single slit, the width of the central maximum on a screen 3.00 m from the slit is approximately 12.26 mm.

In the case of a single-slit diffraction pattern, the central maximum is the most prominent maximum that lies directly in front of the slit, with a width of its own. It is the brightest and most prominent feature in the pattern as it is the only one with a maximum intensity. It is also known as the principal maximum or the zeroth order maximum.

To find the width of the central maximum, we can use the formula for single-slit diffraction:

Width = 2 * L * λ / a

where L is the distance from the slit to the screen (3.00 m), λ is the wavelength of the helium-neon laser light (632.8 nm = 632.8 x 10⁻⁹ m), and a is the width of the slit (0.310 mm = 0.310 x 10⁻³ m).

Width = 2 * 3.00 * (632.8 x 10⁻⁹) / (0.310 x 10⁻³)

Width = 6 * (632.8 x 10⁻⁹) / (0.310 x 10⁻³)

Width ≈ 0.01226 m, or 12.26 mm

So, the width of the central maximum on the screen is approximately 12.26 mm.

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Answer:

Unless they chemically react with each other, the individual gases in a mixture of gases do not affect each other’s pressure. Each individual gas in a mixture exerts the same pressure that it would exert if it were present alone in the container . The pressure exerted by each individual gas in a mixture is called its partial pressure.

Explanation:

The time taken for the isotope of the sample element having a half life of 27.7 days to decay from its 600 g sample to 75 g is 36.09 days.

Radioactive decay is a nuclear reaction by which an unstable nuclei will undergo emission of charged particles such as alpha, beta, gamma.

By this process unstable nuclei will form their stable isotope or other new atoms. The decay constant k for the nuclear reaction is calculated from the half life time as below:

decay constant = 0.693 /27.7 days

                          = 0.025 days-1

Now the time taken for the decay of 600 g of the sample to 75 g is calculate as follows:

t = 1/(0.025) log (600/75)

  = 36.09 days

Hence,  time taken for the isotope of the sample element having a half life of 27.7 days to decay from its 600 g sample to 75 g is 36.09 days.

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Answer:

is there a way of reducing light pollution at the edges of a forest work?

Answer:

Las fuentes de luz primarias son aquellas que emiten la luz que producen. Por ejemplo: la luz de Sol, un relámpago, la de una vela,...

A su vez las fuentes primarias las podemos clasificar en: fuentes naturales y fuentes artificiales

Explanation:

We need to add 2.73 mL of the concentrated acid to obtain a total volume of 175 mL of the dilute solution.

Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. A solution that contains one mole of solute per liter of solution is said to be 1 molar (1 M).

We wish to make a 0.186 M nitric acid solution from a stock solution of 12.0 M nitric acid and we want to obtain a total volume of 175 mL of the dilute solution, the amount of concentrated acid we need to add can be determined using the formula shown below: M1V1 = M2V2 where:

M1 is the initial molarity (concentration) of the concentrated acid (12.0 M)

V1 is the initial volume of the concentrated acid (unknown)

M2 is the final molarity (concentration) of the dilute solution (0.186 M)

V2 is the final volume of the dilute solution (175 mL)

Rearranging the formula above, we get: V1 = (M2V2) / M1

Substituting the values given: M1 = 12.0 MM2 = 0.186 MV2 = 175 mL= 0.175 L

Therefore: V1 = (0.186 M x 0.175 L) / 12.0 M= 0.00273 L = 2.73 mL (to two decimal places)

Hence, we need to add 2.73 mL of the concentrated acid to obtain a total volume of 175 mL of the dilute solution.

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The empirical formula is the simplest formula for a compound which is defined as the ratio of subscripts of smallest possible whole number of the elements present in the formula. It is also known as the simplest formula.

write a balanced equation for the reaction between tantalum pentachloride and water?

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To reach break point chlorination in a 96,000 gallon pool with a difference of 0.4 ppm between the free chlorine and total chlorine levels, approximately 7.68 ounces of chlorine is needed.

To calculate the amount of chlorine needed to reach break point chlorination in a 96,000 gallon pool, we first need to find the difference between the total chlorine and free chlorine levels. Break point chlorination is achieved when the free chlorine level equals the total chlorine level.

Given that the free chlorine level is 1.4 ppm and the total chlorine level is 1.8 ppm, the difference between them is:

1.8 ppm - 1.4 ppm = 0.4 ppm

Now, we need to determine the amount of chlorine required to raise the free chlorine level by 0.4 ppm in a 10,000 gallon pool. The given information states that it takes 2 ounces of dry chlorine (67% concentration) to raise a 10,000 gallon pool's chlorine level by 1 ppm.

To calculate the amount of chlorine required to raise the free chlorine level by 0.4 ppm in a 10,000 gallon pool, we can set up a proportion:

2 ounces / 1 ppm = X ounces / 0.4 ppm

Solving for X (the amount of chlorine needed for 0.4 ppm increase in a 10,000 gallon pool):

X = (2 ounces / 1 ppm) * 0.4 ppm = 0.8 ounces

Now, we can calculate the amount of chlorine needed for the 96,000 gallon pool by scaling the chlorine required for the 10,000 gallon pool:

Amount of chlorine needed = (0.8 ounces / 10,000 gallons) * 96,000 gallons

Amount of chlorine needed = 0.8 ounces * 9.6 = 7.68 ounces

Therefore, approximately 7.68 ounces of chlorine is needed to reach break point chlorination in the 96,000 gallon pool.

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Answer:

p=27.8atm

Explanation:

P = 27.8atm

At what temperature will 5.00 g of Cl2 exert a pressure of 900. mmHg at a volume of 750.

The statement is FALSE. Non-ferrous metals can be hardened by heat treatment, although the mechanisms and processes involved may differ from ferrous metals.

Heat treatment techniques such as precipitation hardening can be used to increase the strength of non-ferrous metals. Non-ferrous metals are metals or alloys that do not include iron (or iron allotropes, such as ferrite, etc.) in significant quantities. Non-ferrous metals are employed because they have desired qualities like reduced weight (for example, aluminium), greater conductivity (for example, copper), non-magnetic characteristics, or corrosion resistance (for example, zinc), even though they are often more expensive than ferrous metals. In the iron and steel sectors, several non-ferrous materials are also employed. Bauxite, for instance, is used as a flux in blast furnaces, whereas wolframite, pyrolusite, and chromite are utilised to create ferrous alloys.

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The expression relating the concentration of a gas in \(\mu g/m^-^3 (X)\) with the concentration expressed in ppm (Y) is \(Y = (X/MW) * 10^6 / V\)

To derive an expression relating the concentration of a gas in \(\mu g/m^3 (X)\) with the concentration expressed in ppm (Y), we can use the ideal gas law. The ideal gas law states that \(PV = nRT\), where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature. Rearranging the equation, we have \(n = PV/RT\)

To convert the concentration from \(\mu g/m^-^3 (X)\) to moles (n), we divide X by the molecular weight (MW) of the gas. Thus, \(n = X/MW\)

Combining the two equations, we have \(X/MW = PV/RT\)

Since the concentration expressed in ppm (Y) is the same as the number of moles per million parts of air, we can write \(Y = n * 10^6 / V\)

Substituting \(n = X/MW\), we get \(Y = (X/MW) * 10^6 / V\)

Therefore, the expression relating the concentration of a gas in \(\mu g/m^3 (X)\) with the concentration expressed in ppm (Y) is:

\(Y = (X/MW) * 10^6 / V\)

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Complete question is:

Using the ideal Gas Law, derive an expression relating the concentration of a gas \(\mu_g^-^3 (X)\) with the concentration expressed in ppm (Y). (10 pts) Hint:- Ideal gas law \(PV= nRt -R = 0.0821 atm mol^-^1\)  −MW=X= molecular weight

The given cell notation "Mn(s)|Mn²⁺(aq)||Cd²⁺(aq)|Cd(s)" represents an electrochemical cell with the following half-cell reactions: At the anode (left side): Mn(s) → Mn²⁺(aq) + 2e⁻, At the cathode (right side): Cd²⁺(aq) + 2e⁻ → Cd(s)

In the overall balanced equation, we can combine these two half-cell reactions:

Mn(s) + Cd²⁺(aq) → Mn²⁺(aq) + Cd(s)

The physical state of each reactant and product can be included as follows:

Solid manganese (Mn) is the anode (left side), represented as "Mn(s)".

Aqueous manganese(II) ion (Mn²⁺) is in solution, represented as "Mn²⁺(aq)".

Aqueous cadmium(II) ion (Cd²⁺) is in solution, represented as "Cd²⁺(aq)".

Solid cadmium (Cd) is the cathode (right side), represented as "Cd(s)".

The balanced equation for the given cell notation is:

Mn(s) + Cd²⁺(aq) → Mn²⁺(aq) + Cd(s)

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P.E = 1200J

Explanation:

P.E = MGH

P.E = 15 × 10 × 8

P.E = 1200J

The cell notation for the given chemical reaction is: Zn(s) | Zn2+(aq) || Cd2+(aq) | Cd(s)

In cell notation, the left-hand side represents the anode compartment, where oxidation takes place, and the right-hand side represents the cathode compartment, where reduction occurs. The vertical line represents the salt bridge or porous membrane that allows ion flow between the two compartments.
In the given reaction, zinc metal is oxidized to Zn2+ ions, which occurs at the anode. Meanwhile, Cd2+ ions are reduced to cadmium metal, which occurs at the cathode.
It's important to note that the anode is always written on the left-hand side of the cell notation, and the cathode is written on the right-hand side. Additionally, the reactants are written before the products, and the oxidation half-reaction is written before the reduction half-reaction.
Overall, the cell notation provides a shorthand way of representing electrochemical reactions and their respective half-reactions.

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We would prepare the following carboxylic acid as :

a) C(CH₃)₃Cl  + Mg + ether + CO₂  ---->   C(CH₃)₃CCOOH

b) CH₃CH₂CH₂Br  + Mg + ether + CO₂ ----->   CH₃CH₂CH₂COOH

a) C(CH₃)₃Cl  react with Mg in the presence of ether form Grignard reagent. then Grignard reagent react with carbon dioxide and form carboxylic acid.

C(CH₃)₃Cl + Mg + ether ---->  C(CH₃)₃MgCl  + CO₂ -->  (CH₃)₃CCO₂MgCl

                                                                                                +  H₃O⁺ ----->                  

                                                                                                 (CH₃)₃CCO₂H

b) there are two methods from  CH₃CH₂CH₂Br, first is :

CH₃CH₂CH₂Br +  Mg + ether --->   CH₃CH₂CH₂MgBr  + CO₂ -->

                                                       CH₃CH₂CH₂CO₂MgBr +     +  H₃O⁺ ----->

                                                                             CH₃CH₂CH₂COOH

second one :

CH₃CH₂CH₂Br + NaCN --->  CH₃CH₂CH₂CN +  H₃O⁺ ----->

                                                                            CH₃CH₂CH₂COOH

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The molar concentration of a 12% sodium chloride solution is approximately 2.05 M.

To determine the molar concentration of a 12% sodium chloride solution, we need to convert the given percentage concentration into molarity.

First, we need to understand that the percentage concentration refers to the mass of the solute (sodium chloride) relative to the total mass of the solution.

In this case, a 12% sodium chloride solution means that there are 12 grams of sodium chloride in 100 grams of the solution.

To convert this into molar concentration, we need to consider the molar mass of sodium chloride, which is 58.5 g/mol.

We can start by calculating the number of moles of sodium chloride in 12 grams:

Moles of sodium chloride = mass of sodium chloride / molar mass of sodium chloride

Moles of sodium chloride = 12 g / 58.5 g/mol = 0.205 moles

Next, we calculate the volume of the solution in liters using the density of the solution. Since the density is not provided, we assume a density of 1 g/mL for simplicity:

Volume of solution = mass of solution / density

Volume of solution = 100 g / 1 g/mL = 100 mL = 0.1 L

Finally, we calculate the molar concentration (Molarity) by dividing the number of moles by the volume in liters:

Molar concentration = moles of solute / volume of solution

Molar concentration = 0.205 moles / 0.1 L = 2.05 M

Therefore, the molar concentration of a 12% sodium chloride solution is approximately 2.05 M.


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The concentration of the dye in the stock solution can be calculated using the formula:

Concentration (in mol/L) = Mass of solute (in g) / Molar mass of solute (in g/mol) / Volume of solution (in L)

First, we need to convert the mass of the dye from milligrams to grams:

13.03 mg = 0.01303 g

Next, we can substitute the values into the formula:

Concentration = 0.01303 g / 280.3 g/mol / 0.5 L

Simplifying this expression gives:

Concentration = 0.0000927 mol/L

Therefore, the concentration of the dye in the stock solution is 0.0000927 mol/L.

To explain this further, a stock solution is a concentrated solution that can be diluted to make a solution of a lower concentration. In this case, we are given the mass of the solute (dye) and the volume of the solution (500.0 ml). We are also given the molar mass of the dye, which is the mass of one mole of the dye. This value is used to convert the mass of the dye from grams to moles.

The concentration of the dye in the stock solution is expressed in terms of moles of dye per liter of solution. The concentration is calculated by dividing the mass of the dye by its molar mass, and then dividing by the volume of the solution. This gives us the number of moles of dye per liter of solution.

In summary, the concentration of the dye in the stock solution is 0.0000927 mol/L, which means that there are 0.0000927 moles of dye in each liter of solution.

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The binding energy for а vаlence electron in gаllium is expected to be lower thаn thаt of а vаlence electron in cаlcium. This is becаuse of the presence of more protons in cаlcium аs compаred to gаllium.

А vаlence electron is thаt electron thаt is present in the outermost shell of аn аtom. Its energy level depends on the number of protons in the аtom's nucleus. The greаter the number of protons, the greаter the binding energy of the vаlence electron would be. Binding energy refers to the аmount of energy required to remove аn electron from аn аtom.

For vаlence electrons, the binding energy is аlwаys less thаn the energy required to remove inner electrons. The reаson behind this is thаt inner electrons аre closer to the nucleus, аnd hence, аre more strongly bound to it. Whereаs, vаlence electrons аre further аwаy, аnd their binding energy is weаker.

In the given cаse, cаlcium hаs 20 protons in its nucleus, whereаs gаllium hаs only 31. Hence, it is expected thаt the binding energy for а vаlence electron in cаlcium would be higher thаn thаt of gаllium, due to the lаrger number of protons.

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