Which class of molecule was vital for the development that allowed collections of molecules to be contained in compartments that were separated from the exterior environment

The mass of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) produced from the complete decomposition of x grams of sodium bicarbonate is zero.

The chemical equation for the decomposition of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) into sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and water (H₂O) is given as follows:

2NaHCO₃(s) → Na₂CO₃(s) + CO₂(g) + H₂O(l)

As per the given chemical equation, 1 mole of sodium bicarbonate produces 1 mole of sodium carbonate, 1 mole of carbon dioxide, and 1 mole of water. Therefore, the number of moles of sodium hydroxide produced from the complete decomposition of x grams of sodium bicarbonate would be zero because sodium hydroxide is not produced in this reaction.

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Answer:

The 1990 amendments addressed the growing problem of urban smog by acid rain.

Explanation:

As shown in the above question, the Clean Air Act was created with the goal of making the US air healthier, while also aiming to reduce the impacts of pollution on the American population. This law had as its main objective to reduce the emission of gases capable of polluting the atmosphere, especially those resulting from the burning of gasoline in cars. In 1990, a new amendment was added to this law. This amendment aimed to reduce emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, as they were the main cause of acid pollution, which was responsible for acid rain that is extremely dangerous and negative for society.

The soda in a fridge has more thermal energy than the soda on the kitchen table.

Thermal energy is the total energy possessed by an object due to the motion of its particles. It is directly related to the temperature of the object. When a soda is placed in a fridge, it is exposed to a lower temperature environment. The fridge actively removes heat from the air inside, creating a cooler environment. As a result, the soda's temperature decreases. The decrease in temperature corresponds to a decrease in the average kinetic energy of the soda's particles, which directly affects its thermal energy.

On the other hand, a soda on the kitchen table is exposed to the surrounding room temperature. While the room temperature may vary depending on the location and climate, it is generally higher than the temperature inside a fridge. Consequently, the soda on the kitchen table has a higher temperature, which corresponds to a higher average kinetic energy of its particles and thus a higher thermal energy.

In summary, the soda in a fridge has more thermal energy than the soda on the kitchen table due to the lower temperature environment it is exposed to. The lower temperature corresponds to a decrease in the average kinetic energy of its particles and, consequently, a lower overall thermal energy.

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Answer:

Coloroplasts I hope it's right ❤️

1) The speed of the particles would increase when heated

2) The balloon would expand when heated and contract when cooled.

3) On a hot day, the pressure of the gas in a beverage increases

4) The mercury thermometer works by expanding or contracting in response to temperature change.

We know that one of the effects of temperature is that it is able change the molecular motion of an object. Thus the molecules of an object are able to move faster when heat is applied and they are able to slow down when the heat is removed.

This is why a balloon would have a greater volume when the temperature is increased as the gas molecules spread out. The volume would reduce or decrease when the temperature is reduced.

Also, on a hot day, a beverage would tend to be more fuzzy as the pressure of the gas in the beverage would increase as the temperature is increased.

Lastly, when we use the mercury thermometer, the volume of the mercury would increase and this is the reason for the expansion of the mercury during temperature measurement.

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If nitrogen atom and a slightly heavier oxygen atom have equal average speeds, then the greater kinetic energy is greater for : oxygen.

Kinetic energy is directly proportional to the speed of the molecules such that as speed of the colliding molecules increases, so does the total kinetic energy of all the gas molecules.

With the increase in temperature, particles obtain kinetic energy and move faster. The average speed of the particles depends on the mass and the temperature. Heavier particles move slowly as compared to lighter ones at the same temperature.

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First, we will calculate the number of moles of mixture of Xenon and Neon gases.Number of moles of mixture of Xenon and Neon gases:

Let x be the mole fraction of Neon.

Therefore, (1 - x) is the mole fraction of Xenon

.Mole fraction of Neon + Mole fraction of Xenon = 1x + (1 - x) = 1x = 1 - (1 -

x = 0 + x

x = 0.279

Mole fraction of Neon = 0.279

Mole fraction of Xenon = 0.721

Number of moles of gas = (Total Pressure * Volume)/(Gas Constant * Temperature)

Number of moles of Xenon = (7.10 atm * 16.75L * 0.721)/(0.08206 * (273 + 30))

Number of moles of Xenon = 8.44 moles

Number of moles of Neon = (7.10 atm * 16.75L * 0.279)/(0.08206 * (273 + 30))

Number of moles of Neon = 3.29 moles

Now, we can calculate the partial pressure of Xenon and Neon.

Partial pressure of Xenon:

Partial Pressure of Xenon = Mole fraction of Xenon * Total Pressure

Partial Pressure of Xenon = 0.721 * 7.10 atm

Partial Pressure of Xenon = 5.12 atm

Partial pressure of Neon

Partial Pressure of Neon = Mole fraction of Neon * Total Pressure

Partial Pressure of Neon = 0.279 * 7.10 atm

Partial Pressure of Neon = 1.98 atm

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Answer:

hello your question is incomplete below is the missing question

what is the PH

answer : 13

Explanation:

The PH of 0.1M solution of the salt Na = 13

attached below is a detailed solution

Slightly acidic ground water can dissolve limestone as it flows along joints and bedding planes to form caves. This reaction may then be reversed as water drips from the ceiling and splashes on the floor of an air-filled cave and minerals are precipitated to form features known as stalactite and stalagmite.

Cave are formed underground chambers naturally. Most caves develop when slightly acidic ground water dissolves limestone along joints and bedding planes. It can take hundreds of thousand years to form. 

Natural ground water is little acidic because of dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere or soil. Ground water with a high concentration of calcium (Ca2+) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) drip slowly from the ceiling of an air-filled cave. 

Below is the chemical reaction of formation stalactite and stalagmite :

\(H_{2}O + CO_{2} + CaCO_{3} < - > Ca^{2+} + 2HCO_{3} ^{-}\)

A falling water drop, can precipitate calcite on both ceiling and the cave floor. As a water drop and hangs on the roof of the cave, some of the dissolved carbon dioxide lost into the cave's atmosphere. It causes the calcite to precipitate on the ceiling. Deposits of calcite on roof cave by dripping water are stalactite. In other word, stalactite is column of rock resembling an icicle which hang down from the ceilings of cave.

When the water drop falls to the cave floor, more CO2 loss and the calcite precipitate on the cave floor. Precipitation of calcite on floor cave named stalagmite. So, stalagmites are cone-shaped masses formed on cave floors, directly below stalactite.

Each subsequent drop add more calcite to the first deposits and make it continuously bigger. A stalactite grows downward while stalagmite grows upward.

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The size of the atoms of increases across a period and down a group

The correct statement regarding the trend for atoms getting larger is the option d.

Reason:

Analysis of each option is as follows;

However;

Therefore; the correct option is; as atoms get larger, their atomic number tends to increases, such as Sodium and Potassium

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The percent composition of the compound containing 14.02 g oxygen and 2.73 g hydrogen is 83.73% oxygen and 16.27% hydrogen.

Percent composition refers to the mass of each element in a compound divided by the total mass of the compound multiplied by 100.

We are given a 16.75g sample of a compound containing 14.02 g oxygen and 2.73 g hydrogen.

Thus, to find the percent composition, we can use the formula:

Percent composition of oxygen = mass of oxygen / mass of compound × 100

Percent composition of hydrogen = mass of hydrogen / mass of compound × 100

First, we need to calculate the total mass of the compound:

Mass of compound = mass of oxygen + mass of hydrogen

Mass of compound = 14.02 g + 2.73 g

Mass of compound = 16.75 g

Now, we can find the percent composition of oxygen and hydrogen:

Percent composition of oxygen = (14.02 g / 16.75 g) × 100

Percent composition of oxygen = 83.73%

Percent composition of hydrogen = (2.73 g / 16.75 g) × 100

Percent composition of hydrogen = 16.27%

Therefore, the percent composition of the compound containing 14.02 g oxygen and 2.73 g hydrogen is 83.73% oxygen and 16.27% hydrogen.

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Answer:

0.374 moles of carbon monoxide

Explanation:

Let's consider the following balanced thermochemical equation.

2 CO + O₂ ⇒ 2 CO₂    ΔH = -787 kJ

According to this balanced thermochemical equation, 787 kiloJoules of heat are released (this is the meaning of the minus sign) when 2 moles of carbon monoxide react. The moles of carbon monoxide that must react to produce 147 kJ of energy are:

(-147 kJ) × 2 mol CO/(-787 kJ) = 0.374 mol CO

Answer:

In units of measurement of length we use centimeter (cm) to measure. We can use this unit for measuring the length of a pencil, the width of a book etc. but this unit is too big to measure the thicken of a pencil. So we use another unit called millimeter (mm).

Explanation:

Answer:

S8+12O2 → 8SO3

Answer:

Given the reaction NH3 + O2 = NO + H2O, 3.25 g of NH3 is allowed to react with 3.50 g of O2. Which reactant is the limiting reagent? How many grams of H2O are formed? How much of the excess reactant remains after the reaction?

Oxygen gas (O2) is composed of two oxygen atoms connected together, while ozone (O3) is composed of three oxygen atoms. The two molecules have very different effects on us. Oxygen gas is essential for human life and is a vital part of the air we breathe. Ozone, on the other hand, can be toxic in high concentrations and can cause adverse health effects, including irritation of the respiratory system and damage to the lungs.

Chemical Structure is the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule. Chemical structure determines the molecular geometry of the molecule. Russian Chemist Alexander Butlerov acknowledged that molecules are not random clusters of atoms and functional groups but are arranged in a concrete pattern.

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The ionization constant of H₂S is approximately 1.0 x 10⁻⁷.

The ionization constant, also known as the acid dissociation constant (Ka), is a measure of the extent to which an acid dissociates in water. It indicates the degree of ionization of an acid and is typically expressed as the equilibrium constant for the reaction between the acid and water.

In the case of H₂S (hydrogen sulfide), it is a weak acid that can partially dissociate in water to produce hydrogen ions (H⁺) and sulfide ions (HS⁻). The ionization reaction can be represented as follows:

H₂S ⇌ H⁺ + HS⁻

The ionization constant (Ka) represents the equilibrium expression for this reaction. The value of Ka determines the relative strength of the acid. For H₂S, the ionization constant is approximately 1.0 x 10⁻⁷, indicating that it is a weak acid.

This value indicates that H₂S only partially ionizes in water, with a small fraction of H₂S molecules dissociating into H⁺ and HS⁻ ions. The majority of H₂S remains in its molecular form.

It is important to note that the ionization constant can vary depending on factors such as temperature and concentration. The given approximation is a typical value at standard conditions.

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Answer:

The egg is changed from liquid to soli

Explanation:

The law of conservation of mass states that "Matter/mass can neither be created nor destroyed but can be converted from one form to another".

Inside of the Egg is liquid in nature and during the process of cooking the egg the liquid changes to solid.

The order of strength of hydrogen bonds, dispersion forces, and dipole-dipole forces is as follows: Hydrogen bonding , Dipole-dipole interactions ,London dispersion forces.

Hydrogen bonding: Hydrogen bonding is the strongest type of intermolecular force. It occurs when a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom (such as nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine) and is attracted to another highly electronegative atom in a nearby molecule. An example of a molecule that exhibits hydrogen bonding is water (H2O). Dipole-dipole interactions: Dipole-dipole interactions are slightly weaker than hydrogen bonding, but still stronger than London dispersion forces. They occur between molecules that have permanent dipoles, or regions of partial positive and negative charge. An example of a molecule that exhibits dipole-dipole interactions is acetone (CH3COCH3). London dispersion forces: London dispersion forces are the weakest type of intermolecular force. They are attractive forces that occur between all types of molecules and result from the temporary separation of charge that occurs as a result of the movement of electrons within a molecule. An example of a molecule that exhibits London dispersion forces is hexane (C6H14).

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Answer:

Catalyst:

Explanation:

A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.

There is a freezing point depression of 2.50 C compared to pure benzene. The molar mass (in g/mol) of the unknown compound is grams per mole of a substance and it's a way to identify the substance.

The freezing point depression of a solvent is directly proportional to the concentration of the solute present. This relationship is described by the freezing point depression constant (Kf) and the molality (m) of the solution. The formula for freezing point depression is:

ΔTf = Kf * m

Where ΔTf is the change in freezing point, Kf is the freezing point depression constant, and m is the molality of the solution. In this case, we are given that the freezing point depression is 2.50 oC and the Kf of benzene is 5.12 oC/m. We can use this information to solve for the molality of the solution:

2.50 oC = 5.12 oC/m * m

m = 2.50 oC / 5.12 oC/m

To calculate the molality, we also need to know the mass of solvent and the number of moles of solute present in the solution. The mass of solvent is given as 0.250 kg and we know that 1 mole of a substance is its molar mass in grams.

We can use the formula of molality to calculate the molar mass of the unknown compound:

m = (moles of solute) / (mass of solvent in kg)

We know that ΔTf = Kf * m

2.50 oC = 5.12 oC/m * (moles of solute) / (0.250 kg)

Rearranging the above equation we get:

(moles of solute) = (2.50 oC) * (0.250 kg) / (5.12 oC/m)

Now we can calculate the molar mass of the unknown compound:

molar mass = mass of solute / moles of solute

molar mass = 24.3 g / ( (2.50 oC) * (0.250 kg) / (5.12 oC/m) )

The molar mass is the number of grams per mole of a substance and it's a way to identify the substance.

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Answer:

hope this helps

Explanation:

Water was on earth with the dinosaurs and almost at the very start.

Water starts anywhere from clouds to ponds

I choose ponds, water evaporates from the sun and moves its way through the air being collected into clouds in the atmosphere, clouds are evaporated water molecules, then the water combines to form rain wich then end up on a hill and travel back to a water source or goes into the ground and makes groundwater and if there is enough rain overtime will form a pond.

Answer:

For the wavelenth of light spectrum, I believe the order would be red visible light, infrared, microwaves and radio waves.

Answer:

a chemical reaction

Explanation:

What has happened to the statue of liberty is that a chemical reaction has occurred to the materials making up this edifice.

The statue is made up of copper. On reacting with oxygen, it undergoes an oxidation.

This makes the copper to rust and decolorize.

It implies that copper has reacted with oxygen in air and possibly from water.

This gives a new product.

We know this because for most chemical changes, they give new products and are not easily reversible.

The molar concentration of a 12% sodium chloride solution is approximately 2.05 M.

To determine the molar concentration of a 12% sodium chloride solution, we need to convert the given percentage concentration into molarity.

First, we need to understand that the percentage concentration refers to the mass of the solute (sodium chloride) relative to the total mass of the solution.

In this case, a 12% sodium chloride solution means that there are 12 grams of sodium chloride in 100 grams of the solution.

To convert this into molar concentration, we need to consider the molar mass of sodium chloride, which is 58.5 g/mol.

We can start by calculating the number of moles of sodium chloride in 12 grams:

Moles of sodium chloride = mass of sodium chloride / molar mass of sodium chloride

Moles of sodium chloride = 12 g / 58.5 g/mol = 0.205 moles

Next, we calculate the volume of the solution in liters using the density of the solution. Since the density is not provided, we assume a density of 1 g/mL for simplicity:

Volume of solution = mass of solution / density

Volume of solution = 100 g / 1 g/mL = 100 mL = 0.1 L

Finally, we calculate the molar concentration (Molarity) by dividing the number of moles by the volume in liters:

Molar concentration = moles of solute / volume of solution

Molar concentration = 0.205 moles / 0.1 L = 2.05 M

Therefore, the molar concentration of a 12% sodium chloride solution is approximately 2.05 M.


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the value of work done is -235.73 J. The negative sign indicates that the work done is against the external pressure.

The chemical reaction produces gas that pushes the piston upward against an external pressure of 1.5 atm so that the volume of the gas changes from 0.95 L to 2.5 L. The work (in joules) can be calculated as follows:

W = -PΔV

where,

W = work done

P = external pressure

ΔV = change in volume

We are given the following values:

P = 1.5 atm

ΔV = 2.5 L - 0.95 L = 1.55 L

Substituting the given values in the formula for work done,

W = -PΔV = -(1.5 atm) (1.55 L) = -2.325 atm L

Converting the units of pressure and volume to SI units,

W = -2.325 atm L × 101.3 J L⁻¹ atm⁻¹ × (1 m³ / 1000 L) = -235.73 J

Thus, the value of work done is -235.73 J. The negative sign indicates that the work done is against the external pressure.

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Answer:

Object 2 with a density of 0.68

Explanation:

object 2 has a lower density than water so it will float

4 liters of the 70% solution are required by the chemist.

8 liters of saline solution divided by 25%

Saline solution at 25% = 0.25 x 8 = 2 liters

Let there be x liters of saline solution at 70%.

Salt = 8 plus x

40% of salt is equal to 25% of saline solution plus 70% of saline solution.

2 + (70/100)x = (40/100)(8 + x)

2 + 0.7x = 0.4(8 + x)

2 + 0.7x = 3.2 + 0.4x

0.7x - 0.4x = 3.2 - 20.3

x = 1.2

x = 1.2 / 0.3

x = 4

4 liters of the 70% solution are required by the chemist.

The following equation can be used to determine the volume or concentration of a concentrated or diluted solution: M1V1 = M2V2.

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The concentration of the original Ba(OH)₂ solution if 15.0 ml solution of Ba(OH)₂ is neutralized with 22.7 ml of 0.200 m HCl is 151.3 mol/dm³

To determine concentration of the original Ba(OH)₂ solution, we must know he balanced chemical equation for the neutralization reaction is:

Ba(OH)₂ + 2HCl → BaCl₂ + 2H₂O

From the equation above, the stoichiometric ratio of Ba(OH)₂ and HCl is 1:2. That means one mole of Ba(OH)₂ reacts with 2 moles of HCl. The balanced chemical equation also shows that the number of moles of HCl used is the same as the number of moles of Ba(OH)₂. Hence:

moles of HCl = 0.200 mol/dm³ × 22.7 dm³ = 4.54 mol

Using the stoichiometric ratio, the moles of Ba(OH)₂ in the solution can be calculated to be:

moles of Ba(OH)₂ = 4.54 mol ÷ 2 = 2.27 mol

The volume of the Ba(OH)₂ solution is 15.0 mL, which is 0.015 dm³. Therefore, the concentration of the original Ba(OH)₂ solution can be calculated as:

concentration = moles/volume= 2.27 mol ÷ 0.015 dm³= 151.3 mol/dm³

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The concentration of the original Ba(OH)₂ solution is 0.302 M.

Given data

Volume of Ba(OH)₂ solution used = 15.0 ml

Volume of HCl used = 22.7 ml

Molarity of HCl solution used = 0.200 M

We need to calculate the concentration of Ba(OH)₂ solution, which is not known.Molar ratio of HCl and Ba(OH)₂ in a balanced chemical equation of their neutralization is;

HCl + Ba(OH)₂ → BaCl₂ + 2H₂O

The balanced chemical equation tells us that 1 mole of HCl is required to neutralize 1 mole of Ba(OH)₂.

So, the moles of HCl used in the reaction is;

moles of HCl = molarity × volume (in liters)

moles of HCl = 0.200 M × 0.0227 L = 0.00454 mole

Since one mole of HCl reacts with 1 mole of Ba(OH)₂,

so the number of moles of Ba(OH)₂ used is also equal to 0.00454 mole. Since we know the volume of the Ba(OH)₂ solution used, we can calculate the molarity of the solution as;

molarity = moles of solute / volume of solution in liters

Molarity = 0.00454 / (15.0 / 1000) = 0.302 M

Therefore, the concentration of the original Ba(OH)₂ solution is 0.302 M.

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SO2+ H2O=H2SO3

H2S+ H2O=H2SO4 +H2

NO2+  H2O= HNO3+NO