describe the four protein chains that make up the immunoglobulin monomer, and draw a typicalmonomer immunoglobulin in the box below. label the variable regions and constant regions
Answers
Immunoglobulins (antibodies) are made up of four protein chains that make up the immunoglobulin monomer. There are two light chains and two heavy chains. These chains are connected by disulfide bonds that form Y-shaped molecules.
The immunoglobulin monomer is a single Y-shaped molecule consisting of four protein chains: two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains. Variable regions are shown in blue, and constant regions are shown in green.
The variable regions are unique to each antibody, allowing it to recognize and bind to specific antigens. The constant regions are the same in all antibodies of the same class (e.g. IgG, IgM), and they determine the functional properties of the antibody.
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Related Questions
1. Determine hormones with external and internal secretion.
2. The nervous system and the hormonal system control the sending of messages to different organs of the body, describe the difference between them.
3. Explain the role of thyroxine in the metabolic processes of our body.
4. Describe the role of insulin in regulating blood sugar. What are the effects of adrenaline in the body?
5. Distinguish the role of testosterone and estrogen in human sexual development.
Answers
Answer:
yeah
Explanation:
Thyroxine is the main hormone secreted into the bloodstream by the thyroid gland. It plays vital roles in digestion, heart and muscle function, brain development and maintenance of bones.
Alternative names for thyroxine
T4; tetraiodothyronine; thyroxin
What is thyroxine?
Thyroxine is the main hormone secreted into the bloodstream by the thyroid gland. It is the inactive form and most of it is converted to an active form called triiodothyronine by organs such as the liver and kidneys. Thyroid hormones play vital roles in regulating the body’s metabolic rate, heart and digestive functions, muscle control, brain development and maintenance of bones.
How is thyroxine controlled?
The production and release of thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, is controlled by a feedback loop system that involves the hypothalamus in the brain and the pituitary and thyroid glands. The hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone which, in turn, stimulates the pituitary gland to produce thyroid stimulating hormone. This hormone stimulates the production of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, by the thyroid gland.
This hormone production system is regulated by a feedback loop so that when the levels of the thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine) increase, they prevent the release of both thyrotropin-releasing hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone. This system allows the body to maintain a constant level of thyroid hormones in the body.
What happens if I have too much thyroxine?
The release of too much thyroxine in the bloodstream is known as thyrotoxicosis. This may be caused by overactivity of the thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism), as in Graves' disease, inflammation of the thyroid or a benign tumour. Thyrotoxicosis can be recognised by a goitre, which is a swelling of the neck due to enlargement of the thyroid gland. Other symptoms of thyrotoxicosis include intolerance to heat, weight loss, increased appetite, increased bowel movements, irregular menstrual cycle, rapid or irregular heartbeat, palpitations, tiredness, irritability, tremor, hair
A blue whale is about 25 m long and Earth’s circumference is about 3 × 107 km. How many blue whales would need to lie nose to tail to encircle the Earth?
1.3 × 10^9
75 × 10^10
75 × 10^7
1.3 × 10^6
Answers
A blue whale is about 25 m long and Earth’s circumference is about 3 × 10⁷ km , then 1.3 × 10⁹ blue whales would need to lie nose to tail to encircle the Earth ,therefore the correct answer is option A .
What is a unit of measurement?A unit of measurement is a specified magnitude of a quantity that is established and used as a standard for measuring other quantities of the same kind. It is determined by convention or regulation.
As given in the problem a blue whale is about 25 m long and Earth’s circumference is about 3 × 10⁷ km.
Thus ,if a blue whale is about 25 m long and Earth’s circumference is about 3 × 10⁷ km , then 1.3 × 10⁹ blue whales would need to lie nose to tail to encircle the Earth ,therefore the correct answer is option A .
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why do waterlogging cause death to plants
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Waterlogging limits oxygen supply to the roots and prevents carbon dioxide from diffusing away. Root function is reduced or stops and the roots start to die off, allowing the invasion of rots and decay organisms.
Waterlogging limits oxygen supply to the roots and prevents carbon dioxide from diffusing away. Root function is reduced or stops and the roots start to die off, allowing the invasion of rots and decay organisms.
A population of beetles is currently 60 beetles at n=0. The beetle population has an intrinsic growth rate of 150% each generation. The environment can sustain a maximum population of 130 beetles. Find the population of the next three generations, 'y_1' ' 'y_2' and 'y_3' of beetles
Answers
The population of beetles in the next three generations, considering the carrying capacity, is y1 = 130 beetles, y2 = 130 beetles, and y3 = 130 beetles.
The population of beetles can be calculated using the formula: y = y0 * (1 + r)^n, where y is the population at a given generation, y0 is the initial population, r is the intrinsic growth rate (expressed as a decimal), and n is the number of generations.
Given that the initial population (y0) is 60 beetles and the intrinsic growth rate (r) is 150% (or 1.5), we can calculate the population for the next three generations.
For the first generation (y1), we substitute y0 = 60, r = 1.5, and n = 1 into the formula: y1 = 60 * (1 + 1.5)^1 = 60 * 2.5 = 150 beetles.
For the second generation (y2), we substitute y0 = 60, r = 1.5, and n = 2 into the formula: y2 = 60 * (1 + 1.5)^2 = 60 * 6.25 = 375 beetles.
For the third generation (y3), we substitute y0 = 60, r = 1.5, and n = 3 into the formula: y3 = 60 * (1 + 1.5)^3 = 60 * 15.625 = 937.5 beetles.
However, since the environment can only sustain a maximum population of 130 beetles, we need to consider the carrying capacity.
To find the population at each generation while considering the carrying capacity, we compare the calculated population with the carrying capacity and use the smaller value as the population.
For y1, the population is 150 beetles, which exceeds the carrying capacity of 130 beetles. Therefore, y1 = 130 beetles.
For y2, the calculated population is 375 beetles, which is also above the carrying capacity. Thus, y2 = 130 beetles.
For y3, the calculated population is 937.5 beetles, which is still above the carrying capacity. Therefore, y3 = 130 beetles.
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Adequate vegetation in certain areas can___.
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when an allele is the only variant in the population it is said to be...
Answers
A fixed allele is an allele that is the only variant that exists for that gene in all the population. A fixed allele is homozygous for all members of the population.
Leading textbooks on genetics and evolution describe an allele as a variant of the same sequence of nucleotides at the same point on a long DNA molecule (modern construction from Greek állos, lit. "other").
"A locus (plural: loci) is the term for the chromosomal or genomic location of a gene or any other genetic element, and an allele is an alternate DNA sequence at a locus."
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most basic types of alleles, but they can also be insertions and deletions with lengths of up to thousands of base pairs.
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Reducing, reusing, and recycling are used to make more ores. increase metal production. burn fossil fuels. conserve resources.
Answers
Answer:b
Explanation:
b
Answer:
it’s b
Explanation:
it’s just b
a patient has microcytic hypochromic anemia. which of the following pathogenic mechanisms may cause anemia in this patient? (select all that apply.) 1. increased basal metabolic rate 2. decreased erythrocyte life span 3. disturbances of the iron cycle 4. swelling in the tissues 5. failure of mechanisms of compensatory erythropoiesis
Answers
The pathogenic mechanisms that may cause anemia in a patient with microcytic hypochromic anemia are: 2. decreased erythrocyte life span, 3. disturbances of the iron cycle, and 5. failure of mechanisms of compensatory erythropoiesis.
Increased basal metabolic rate and swelling in the tissues are not typically associated with microcytic hypochromic anemia.
The mechanisms that may cause anemia in this patient include:
1. Decreased erythrocyte life span: A reduced red blood cell lifespan can lead to anemia, as there are fewer red blood cells available to transport oxygen.
3. Disturbances of the iron cycle: Iron is essential for hemoglobin synthesis, and disruptions in the iron cycle can cause microcytic hypochromic anemia, as the body is unable to produce enough hemoglobin.
5. Failure of mechanisms of compensatory erythropoiesis: If the body is unable to produce new red blood cells at a rate that compensates for their loss or destruction, anemia may occur.
Increased basal metabolic rate (option 1) and swelling in the tissues (option 4) are not directly related to the pathogenic mechanisms of microcytic hypochromic anemia.
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An action potential involves potassium ions moving ________ the cell and sodium ions moving ________ the cell.
Answers
An action potential involves potassium ions moving outside the cell and sodium ions moving inside the cell.
how does it action potential work?Neurons have a negative concentration gradient most of the time, meaning there are more positively charged ions outside than inside the cell. This regular state of a negative concentration gradient is called resting membrane potential. During the resting membrane potential there are:
more sodium ions \((Na^+ )\) outside than inside the neuronmore potassium ions \((K^+ )\) inside than outside the neuronThe concentration of ions isn’t static though! Ions are flowing in and out of the neuron constantly as the ions try to equalize their concentrations. The cell however maintains a fairly consistent negative concentration gradient (between -40 to -90 millivolts). How?
The neuron cell membrane is super permeable to potassium ions, and so lots of potassium leaks out of the neuron through potassium leakage channels (holes in the cell wall).The neuron cell membrane is partially permeable to sodium ions, so sodium atoms slowly leak into the neuron through sodium leakage channels.The cell wants to maintain a negative resting membrane potential, so it has a pump that pumps potassium back into the cell and pumps sodium out of the cell at the same time.Learn more about action potential
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Bonus: How many ATP are created in each part of Cellular
Respiration?
Glycolysis =
Krebs Cycle =
Electron Transport Chain =
Total ATP produced in Cellular Respiration? =
Answers
Answer:
The Krebs cycle takes place inside the mitochondria. The Krebs cycle produces the CO2 that you breath out. This stage produces most of the energy ( 34 ATP molecules, compared to only 2 ATP for glycolysis and 2 ATP for Krebs cycle). The electron transport chain takes place in the mitochondria.
Explanation:
The idea that the earth contains a wide variety of life forms, and that humans have developed as a result of the interaction of heredity and environment, was proposed by
Answers
The idea that the earth contains a wide variety of life forms, and that humans have developed as a result of the interaction of heredity and environment, was proposed by Charles Darwin.
Natural selection is the process hypothesized by Darwin for evolution. Because limited resources exist in nature, animals with heritable features that benefit survival and reproduction leave more offspring than their counterparts, leading the traits to become more common over generations.
Natural selection enables populations to become increasingly acclimated, or well-suited, to their environments through time. Natural selection is influenced by the environment and needs heritable variation in a population.
Environmental and predation forces, for example, can have varying effects on how animals exposed to them develop. displays the three forms of evolution: divergent, convergent, and parallel.
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What are the advantages and limitations to using fossils to study the living things that lived in the past?
Answers
~Hello
Fossils are one of the best evidence of evolution, mainly because they are the remains of living organisms from the past, which allow us to compare them with living organisms. However, the fossil record is notoriously incomplete and it is also biased in favor of animals with hard body parts, such as skeletons and shells. Soft bodied organisms and soft body parts are rarely preserved and there are often huge gaps in some evolutionary sequences. For example, Archaeopteryx is the earliest known bird, but it is already a bird, nothwithstanding some of the features that are unquestionably reptilian. The earliest known reptile with feathers is Longisquama, but there is a gap of some 75 million years between Longisquama and Archaeopteryx, and nothing has yet been found that are intermediate between these two important fossils.
Finally, DNA is virtually unobtainable from fossils, making it nearly impossible to compare the DNA of most fossils with living organisms. In terms of phylogenetic tree construction, DNA data is far superior to fossil evidence. However, if not for the existence of fossils, DNA data alone would be unconvincing as evidence of evolutionary change.
~ Hope this could help
As fossils provide direct evidence of past life forms, allowing scientists to study the anatomy, behavior, and ecology of extinct organisms, and also allow scientists to track the evolution of life on Earth over long periods of time.
What is a fossil?Fossils have several advantages as a source of information about past lives. One major advantage is that they provide direct physical evidence of the existence of extinct organisms and the conditions they lived in. This can help researchers understand the evolution of different species over time and how they adapted to changing environments. One limitation is that not all organisms leave fossils behind, so the fossil record is incomplete and biased towards certain types of organisms that were more likely to be preserved. This means that there may be large gaps in our understanding of the evolutionary history of certain groups of organisms.
Hence, fossils provide direct evidence of past life forms, allowing scientists to study the anatomy, behavior, and ecology of extinct organisms, and also allow scientists to track the evolution of life on Earth over long periods of time.
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During respiration, animals excrete it as a gas known as
Answers
Answer:
carbon dioxide
hope it helps
What is the ancestor to all modern-day plants?
A.algae
B.fungi
C.animal-like protists
D.all of these
Answers
3. A type of learning which involves structured institution is
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A type of learning that is structured is formal education.
What is formal education?An organized education system that extends from primary (and, in some countries, nursery) school to university is referred to as formal education.
It usually includes specialized programs for vocational, technical, and professional training. Examples include classroom learning, school, colleges, etc.
Thus, the type of learning that is structured is formal education.
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“Some viruses are programmed to reproduce by identifying bacteria, killing them, and assembling new viruses.viruses do not eat the bacteria and do not grow after they are made. Viruses are not alive. Explain two reasons why.”
Answers
1. Viruses cannot reproduce on their own: Unlike living organisms, viruses cannot reproduce on their own. They need to infect a host cell and hijack the host cell's machinery in order to replicate themselves. Once they have infected a host cell, they use the cell's energy and resources to create new copies of themselves. However, they do not have the ability to reproduce outside of a host cell.
2. Viruses do not have the ability to carry out metabolic processes: Living organisms carry out metabolic processes, such as respiration and digestion, in order to obtain energy and nutrients. Viruses do not have the ability to carry out these processes on their own. They rely entirely on the host cell to provide them with energy and nutrients. In fact, viruses do not even have the necessary machinery to carry out these processes. They lack the organelles, such as mitochondria, that are responsible for energy production in living cells.
3. Why did you calculate the percent change in mass rather than simply using the change in mass?
Answers
When making a cross comparison between different sets of data, computing the percent change is more accurate.
Why is accuracy greater with percentage change?It is more crucial to use the percentage change method because, as you can see, it provides a more accurate description of how the data has changed over time. This is because you will typically be working with larger datasets and quantities. The mass change as a percentage reveals how much of a substance's mass has changed over time. For instance, if a rock loses one-fourth of its mass over the course of a year, its mass has changed by 25%.
What does mass change mean?A change that affects the eligibility requirements for the entire caseload or a sizable and discernible portion of the caseload is referred to as a "mass change" and was started by the state or the federal government.
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The primary form of reproduction in bacteria is ____________ .Structures called ____________ assist bacteria with genetic exchange.Stressful environments cause many bacteria to produce ____________ to survive harmful conditions.Many bacteria exchange genetic material through a mating process called ____________ .A process known as ____________ involves viruses as a means of bacterial DNA exchange.
Answers
Answer:
1 binary fission
2) pili
3) Spores
4) Conjugation
5)Transduction
Explanation:
(30pts.)
Roughly how Many American Have condition called lactose intolerance?
10 Million
50 Million
2 Million
5 Million
Answers
Answer:
About 30 million American adults have some degree of lactose intolerance by age 20. so i would say 50 million
Explanation:
T/F: diseases for which the reservoir resides in animal populations are called anthroponoses
Answers
False. Diseases for which the reservoir resides in animal populations are not called anthroponoses. Anthroponoses are diseases that primarily infect humans and have humans as their reservoir.Answer is false.
In anthroponoses, humans play a crucial role in the transmission and maintenance of the disease. Examples of anthroponotic diseases include measles, malaria, and HIV/AIDS, which primarily rely on human-to-human transmission.
On the other hand, diseases in which the reservoir resides in animal populations are called zoonoses. Zoonotic diseases can be transmitted from animals to humans, and sometimes humans can transmit the disease back to animals.
Examples of zoonotic diseases include rabies, avian influenza, and Ebola virus disease. Understanding the dynamics of zoonotic diseases is important for public health, as they can have significant impacts on both human and animal populations.False is the correct answer.
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Which two processes during cellular respiration release chemical energy
stored in chemical bonds?
A. The conversion of NADH to NAD*
B. The splitting of glucose
C. The production of ATP by ATP synthase
D. The conversion of FAD to FADH2
Answers
The splitting of glucose release chemical energy stored in chemical bonds.
In process of cellular respiration, the energy in food is converted into the energy that is used by the body's cells. In process of cellular respiration, glucose and oxygen are converted into carbon dioxide and water, and the energy is converted to ATP.
Cellular respiration, is the process that takes place in the mitochondria of organisms which break down sugar in the presence of oxygen and release energy in form of ATP. Carbon dioxide and water are released as the waste products.
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In which layer of Earth can a garden and rocks he found?
A. Exosphere
B. Hydrosphere
C. Lithosphere
D. Stratosphere
Answers
Lithosphere is where crust, landforms, etc. can be found.
In the tundra, what is the difference between the biotic and abiotic factors you saw in the image?
Answers
Answer:
Abiotic factors refer to non-living physical and chemical elements in the ecosystem. ... Examples of abiotic factors are water, air, soil, sunlight, and minerals. Biotic factors are living or once-living organisms in the ecosystem. These are obtained from the biosphere and are capable of reproduction.
Explanation:
Biotic is living part whereas abiotic is non-living part of an environment.
The main difference between biotic and abiotic factors is that biotic factors refer to the living part or component of environment such as plants, animals etc whereas abiotic factors refer to non-living part of the environment such as temperature, humidity and light etc. Both biotic and abiotic factors depends on each other for their survival so we can conclude that biotic is living part whereas abiotic is non-living part.
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Which describes how scientific models are used? (2 points) Select one: a. They allow scientists to make predictions. b. They prevent scientists from performing experiments. c. They make it easier for scientists to avoid using data. d. They prevent people from criticizing the work of scientists.
Answers
Answer:
A-They allow scientists to make predictions
Explanation:
Scientific models aid scientists in performing experiments by allowing them to better understand their subject. This rules out B. C and D simply do not make sense, as all good experiments should generally use data to prove the validity of their points and there’s no real way to prevent criticism. Hope it helps :)
there is a lot of talk about stem cells in the media. what is unique about these cells? there is a lot of talk about stem cells in the media. what is unique about these cells? stem cells can grow under any conditions. stem cells are not affected by nutrient availability. stem cells can provide a cure for all diseases. stem cells are not fully differentiated.
Answers
Self-renewal and differentiation are unique features of stem cells. This indicates that they are not fully differentiated and can be used to generate numerous other types of cells.
Additionally, because they are unaffected by the availability of nutrients, stem cells are able to function in a variety of settings and still be utilized in medical research and treatment. Because they can be used to regenerate and repair damaged tissue, even if the tissue is severely damaged, stem cells have the potential to provide a cure for all diseases.
Because they can self-renew and differentiate into a wide variety of other cells, stem cells are an effective tool in medicine. This indicates that they can be utilized to generate a wide range of additional cells, even in various environments. Stem cells can also be used to repair damaged tissue and possibly find treatments for diseases.
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Carbon is important to living things because
A) it is abundant on the earth’s surface.
B) it metabolizes easily, creating a quick energy source.
C) it has twelve protons and nuetrons.
D) it can form four covalent bonds with other atoms
Answers
Answer: The answer is A
Explanation: Carbon IS abundant on the earth's surface.
Fred went to the doctor because his body was not producing semen. Which part of Fred's body was most likely functioning incorrectly to cause this problem.
Answers
Answer:
The sperm starts in the testicles and move into the epididymis. So it would have to be the testicles.
Explanation:
I hope this helps.
Answer:
The answer is GLANDS
Explanation:
The person above me is WRONG do not use what they think.
Have a good Day and study hard!
The air and nutrients that are added to the fermenter are sterile. State why they must be sterile.
Answers
The air and nutrients that are added to the fermenter must be sterile in order to prevent contamination from pathogens or other microorganisms that could disrupt the fermentation process.
What is fermentation?
Fermentation is a metabolic process during which organic molecules such as glucose are converted into energy-containing molecules such as ethanol, carbon dioxide, and/or organic acids. This process is often used in the production of beer, wine, and other alcoholic beverages, as well as in food production, such as the production of yogurt, cheese, and other fermented dairy products.
Contamination can lead to off-flavors, off-odors, and other undesirable qualities in the end product. Additionally, it may cause the fermentation process to be less efficient, leading to longer fermentation times or even a complete failure.
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What happens to the breathing rate of an individual when working out?
Answers
Answer:it increases!
Explanation:
Answer:
it gets faster and shorter
Explanation:
Which statement is true about prokaryotic cells?
I NEED HELP ASAP PLEASE
Answers
Answer:
A. They contain a single circular DNA molecule.
Explanation: