Question #2 of 120 RAO QUESTIỆN A woman who suffers from frequent and severe migraine headaches has had five children, all of whom have experienced, beginning between the ages of 8 and 12. stroke-like episodes compounded with exercise intolerance and lactic acidosis. The father of the children does not suffer from migraines, nor is he exercise Intolerant. A target of a mutation that can explain these findings is most likely which one of the following? Answers A-E A Mitochondrial RNA B Cytoplasmic TRNA c Cytochromec DPyruvate dehydrogenase E Mitochondrial porin
Answers
A target of a mutation that can explain these findings is most likely option D. Pyruvate dehydrogenase.
The symptoms described in the children, including stroke-like episodes, exercise intolerance, and lactic acidosis, suggest a defect in energy metabolism. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) is an enzyme complex located in the mitochondria that plays a crucial role in converting pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, a key step in cellular energy production. Mutations in PDH can lead to impaired energy metabolism, resulting in the symptoms observed in the children.
Based on the symptoms presented by the children and the inheritance pattern, the most likely target of a mutation that can explain these findings is the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) enzyme complex. Further genetic and biochemical testing would be necessary to confirm the specific mutation responsible for the observed phenotype.
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Related Questions
Genetic sequencing technologies are evolving at a rapid pace with major implications for research and clinical practice. In this review, the authors provide an updated overview of next-generation sequencing (NGS) and emerging methodologies. NGS has tremendously improved sequencing output while being more time and cost-efficient in comparison to Sanger sequencing. The authors describe short-read sequencing approaches, such as sequencing by synthesis, ion semiconductor sequencing, and nanoball sequencing. Third-generation long-read sequencing now promises to overcome many of the limitations of short-read sequencing, such as the ability to reliably resolve repeat sequences and large genomic rearrangements. By combining complementary methods with massively parallel DNA sequencing, a greater insight into the biological context of disease mechanisms is now possible. Emerging methodologies, such as advances in nanopore technology, in situ nucleic acid sequencing, and microscopy-based sequencing, will continue the rapid evolution of this area. These new technologies hold many potential applications for hematological disorders, with the promise of precision and personalized medical care in the future.
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.
Conflict of interest statement
The authors do not have any conflicts of interest to declare.
what could be the alternatives to Next-Generation Sequencing and Emerging Technologies in project management?
Answers
These are some alternatives to NGS in project management:
Sanger sequencingMicroarraysProteomicsWhat are these alternatives?Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a powerful tool for genetic research, but it is not the only option available.
Sanger sequencing: Sanger sequencing is a traditional method of DNA sequencing that is still used in some applications. It is less sensitive and less efficient than NGS, but it is also less expensive.
Microarrays: Microarrays are a type of gene chip that can be used to measure the expression of multiple genes at once. They are not as sensitive as NGS, but they are less expensive and can be used to study gene expression in large populations.
Proteomics: Proteomics is the study of proteins. It can be used to identify and quantify proteins in a sample. Proteomics is not as sensitive as NGS, but it can be used to study the function of genes in a sample.
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F. Answer the following questions in brief.
1. Why should we use fossil fuels judicially?
3. Define the term 'fossil fuel. Give two examples.
4. How can we conserve fossil fuels?
5. What is calorific value of a fuel?
6. What are conditions required for the formation of fossil fuels?
2. Give full form of CNG. Why is it preferred over other fossil fuels?
Answers
1. fossil fuels should be used judiciously as they can be exhausted if used excessively and will take time to replenish
2. fossil fuels are fuel formed by natural processes such as decomposition of dead organisms .
3. They can be easily exhausted
4.The calorific value of a fuel is the quantity of heat produced by its combustion i.e at constant pressure and under “normal” (standard) conditions (i.e. to 0 degree C and under a pressure of 1,013 mbar).
5. COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS . CNG preferred than fossil fuel because it produce greenhouse gases upon combustion, it is a more environmentally clean alternative to other fossil fuels
Answer:
1. fossil fuels should be used judiciously as they can be exhausted if used excessively and will take time to replenish
2. fossil fuels are fuel formed by natural processes such as decomposition of dead organisms .
3. They can be easily exhausted
4.The calorific value of a fuel is the quantity of heat produced by its combustion i.e at constant pressure and under “normal” (standard) conditions (i.e. to 0 degree C and under a pressure of 1,013 mbar).
5. COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS . CNG preferred than fossil fuel because it produce greenhouse gases upon combustion, it is a more environmentally clean alternative to other fossil fuels
Explanation:
Whats a hypothesis for “Which bait works better for a homemade fly trap?”
Answers
Answer:
If I use the correct bait, then I will have a successful homemade fly trap.
Explanation:
A hypothesis is always an "if, then" statement
almost all of the members of this clade form arbuscular mycorrhizae in a mutualistic partnership with plants.
Answers
Almost all members of the clade Glomeromycota form arbuscular mycorrhizae, which is a mutualistic partnership between fungi and plants. This relationship benefits both parties by enhancing nutrient uptake and improving overall plant health.
The clade that you're referring to is Glomeromycota, which includes around 230 species of fungi. Almost all of these species form arbuscular mycorrhizae, which is a type of mycorrhizal association where the fungus penetrates the roots of a plant and forms branching structures called arbuscules that allow for nutrient exchange between the two partners. This mutualistic partnership benefits both the plant and the fungus, as the plant receives nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen from the fungus, while the fungus receives carbon compounds from the plant. Arbuscular mycorrhizae are incredibly important for plant growth and ecosystem functioning, as they have been shown to increase plant growth, drought tolerance, and resistance to pathogens.
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Members of the clade Glomeromycota almost all form arbuscular mycorrhizae in a mutualistic partnership with plants. This symbiotic relationship benefits both the fungi and the plants, as the mycorrhizae aid in nutrient absorption for the plants, while the plants provide carbohydrates to the fungi.
What are arbuscular mycorrhizae?
The clade in question is characterized by a symbiotic relationship with plants through the formation of arbuscular mycorrhizae. This relationship is a type of mutualism, where both the plant and the mycorrhizal fungi benefit from the exchange of nutrients and resources.
The mycorrhizae play a crucial role in enhancing the plant's ability to uptake nutrients from the soil, while the plant provides the fungi with carbohydrates produced through photosynthesis. This mutually beneficial partnership is vital for the growth and survival of many plant species.
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Question 1 (2 points) Wolves were hunted out of existence in much of the west. But, in 1995 wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone Park. Biologists discovered that after the wolves were reintroduced,
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Answer:When the long white truck drove through Roosevelt Arch on Jan. 12, 1995, it was almost like watching a modern-day Trojan horse arrive in Yellowstone.
Inside were eight gray wolves from Jasper National Park in Alberta, Canada. They became the first wolves to roam Yellowstone since the 1920s when the last pack was killed. By the end of 1996, 31 wolves were relocated to the park.
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Prior to any modifications in an eukaryote, a transcribed RNA can be called Choose the TWO correct answers.
O siRNA
O tRNA
O rRNA
O mRNA
O hnRNA
O pre-mRNA
O IncRNA
O sחRNA
Answers
Prior to any modifications in an eukaryote, a transcribed RNA can be called hnRNA and pre-mRNA.
What is eukaryote ?
A eukaryote is a type of organism that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Therefore, Prior to any modifications in an eukaryote, a transcribed RNA can be called hnRNA and pre-mRNA.
hnRNA stands for heterogeneous nuclear RNA. It is the initial transcript of a gene that has not yet been processed. hnRNA contains exons and introns, which are later spliced out to form mRNA.pre-mRNA stands for precursor messenger RNA. It is the processed form of hnRNA that has had the introns removed. Pre-mRNA is then exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it is translated into protein.Learn more about eukaryote here : brainly.com/question/30584795
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In which trophic level do we find the producers?
Answers
Answer:
Level 1...Plants and algae make their own food and Plants and algae make their own food and are called producers.
Answer:
The base of the pyramid
Explanation:
An example of which is: grass
___________ is a protein that stabilizes existing actin micofilaments
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Tropomyosin is a protein that stabilizes existing actin microfilaments.
Tropomyosin is a two-stranded, alpha-helical coiled-coil protein that twists along the actin filament surface, spanning seven actin monomers. It stabilizes existing actin microfilaments by preventing actin polymerization and depolymerization.Tropomyosin is a long, thin, fibrous protein that binds to the actin molecule's grooves.
It stabilizes actin microfilaments by promoting the formation of microfilaments and inhibiting the depolymerization of microfilaments by sterically blocking actin filament association. Tropomyosin's coiled coil binds to a continuous groove on the surface of actin monomers, which serves as a scaffold for troponin to attach to tropomyosin.The tropomyosin molecule stabilizes the actin filament by preventing the myosin head from binding to the actin monomers, causing muscle contraction.
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What does natural selection act on?
Answers
which of the following best describes slab pull
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13. what is important (safety-wise or health-wise) about being able to smell that has contributed to the evolution of our sophisticated olfactory system?
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The ability to smell, facilitated by our sophisticated olfactory system, is of great importance in terms of both safety and health.
Our sense of smell plays a crucial role in detecting potential dangers in our environment. It allows us to perceive and recognize various odors associated with harmful substances, such as spoiled food, smoke, or chemicals. This early detection can help us avoid potential hazards and take necessary precautions. Our sense of smell is closely linked to our sense of taste, and together they contribute to our ability to evaluate the edibility and quality of food. Smell helps us identify pleasant and appetizing aromas while also detecting signs of spoilage or contamination.
Smell is intricately linked to our social interactions and communication. Humans can emit and detect pheromones, chemical signals that convey information about reproductive status, emotions, and social bonding. Smell is strongly connected to memory and emotional experiences. Certain odors can trigger vivid memories or evoke specific emotions.
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How can a chemical transformation distinguish between an elemnet of a compound
Answers
Answer:
A compound is a pure substance of two or more elements chemically combined elements combine during a chemical change a particle of a compound is called a molecule.
Explanation:
youre welcome
Answer:
A compound is a pure substance of two or more elements chemically combined elements combine during a chemical change a particle of a compound is called a molecule.
Explanation:
I have no clue I just know it
The internal organs of the abdomen are called viscera. which organs constitute the solid viscera?- Pancreas- Adrenal glands- Kidneys- Ovaries- Uterus
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The solid viscera refer to specific internal organs within the abdominal cavity that has a relatively solid, fixed structure. Among these organs, the pancreas, adrenal glands, and kidneys are considered solid viscera.
The pancreas is a crucial organ involved in the digestive system and endocrine systems, producing enzymes and hormones such as insulin. The adrenal glands are small, triangular-shaped glands located on top of each kidney, and they produce essential hormones like cortisol and adrenaline. The kidneys are bean-shaped organs responsible for filtering blood, removing waste products, and maintaining electrolyte balance in the body.
In contrast, the ovaries and uterus are part of the female reproductive system and are not categorized as solid viscera. The ovaries are responsible for producing ova (eggs) and secreting hormones, including estrogen and progesterone. The uterus is a muscular, hollow organ where a fertilized egg develops into a fetus during pregnancy. Although they are essential organs, they differ from solid viscera due to their functions and structures, which are more related to the reproductive system rather than the abdominal cavity's general functioning.
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Sheela wants to make a computer model of a land ecosystem. Part of her model simulates the chemical processes of photosynthesis that involve the creation of sugars. Which chemical processes are these?
Answers
Answer:
The options to this question are missing, the options are:
A. the light-dependent reactions
B. the light-independent reactions
C. the dark reactions
D. the reactions in the mitochondria
The answer is A
Explanation:
Photosynthesis is a unique phenomenon carried out by cells of autotrophic organisms. Photosynthesis, which generally involves the synthesis of food in form of sugar, occurs in two distinct stages viz: light-dependent and light-independent stages.
These two processes are important to the overall result of the photosynthetic process. However, the light-dependent stage (needs light to occur) produces the energy needed for the synthesis of sugars. The light-dependent stage which takes place in the thylakoid membrane of the CHLOROPLAST synthesizes the NADPH and ATP molecules, which enters the light-independent reactions to be used to power (ATP) and provide electrons (NADPH) needed for the purpose of creating sugar (glucose).
Hence, the part of Sheela's model that is simulating the chemical processes of photosynthesis are the light-dependent reactions.
Answer:
the light-independent reactions
Explanation:
i took the e2020 quiz and it said the B was the correct answer
Describe the relationship between mass and energy available?
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Answer:
Equivalently, the mass of a particle at rest is equal to its energy E divided by the speed of light squared c2
although all living things have the same 4 bases in their DNA there is infinite variety. Explain why that is possible.
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The DNA sequence is composed of four types of nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), thymine (T) or guanine (G), together with a phosphate group, there is variability due to changes in said sequence of DNA of a gene.
What is DNA?DNA is a nucleotide biopolymer, that is, a long molecular structure made up of segments (nucleotides) made up of a sugar (ribose) and a nitrogenous base.
In the sequence of this compound, all the genetic information of a living being is stored, essential for protein synthesis and for reproductive inheritance.The variety of traits in humans are due to mutations at the molecular level that would consist of a change in the sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA.Therefore, we can conclude that the DNA molecule is a long structure of nucleotides, each nucleotide is distinguished from the others in the nitrogenous base it has, and all together make up the DNA sequence.
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While the neurology resident, Dr. Takahashi, was performing her examination, Sally asked her what a nerve was made of exactly. Which of the following statements is true regarding the cellular structure of a neuron? The neurology resident told Sally that axons of neurons make up the nerves that transfer information between the PNS and CNS. The neurology resident told Sally that the cell body, or some, made up the nerves and that this structure was what allowed the signal to travel between the CNS and PNS. The neurology resident told Sally that neurons and their dendrites, which send and reccive signals, made up the nerves and that the information was transported only from the PNS to the CNS. The neurology resident told Sally that neurons and their dendrites, which send and receive signals, made up the nerves and that the information was transported only from the CNS to the PNS.
Answers
The statement that is true regarding the cellular structure of a neuron is; The neurology resident told Sally that neurons and their dendrites, which send and receive signals, made up the nerves and that the information was transported only from the PNS to the CNS. Option A is correct.
This statement accurately describes the composition of nerves and the direction of information transmission. Neurons, which consist of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon, are the basic building blocks of the nervous system. Dendrites receive signals from other neurons, while the axon transmits signals to other neurons.
Nerves, on the other hand, are composed of bundled axons of neurons and are responsible for transmitting information between the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS). The information flow typically occurs from the PNS to the CNS.
Hence, A. is the correct option.
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--The given question is incomplete, the complete question is
"While the neurology resident, Dr. Takahashi, was performing her examination, Sally asked her what a nerve was made of exactly. Which of the following statements is true regarding the cellular structure of a neuron? A) The neurology resident told Sally that axons of neurons make up the nerves that transfer information between the PNS and CNS. B) The neurology resident told Sally that the cell body, or some, made up the nerves and that this structure was what allowed the signal to travel between the CNS and PNS. C) The neurology resident told Sally that neurons and their dendrites, which send and receive signals, made up the nerves and that the information was transported only from the PNS to the CNS. D) The neurology resident told Sally that neurons and their dendrites, which send and receive signals, made up the nerves and that the information was transported only from the CNS to the PNS."--
The probability that a certain trait might be present in an offspring can be found by using a Punnett Square. Because each person has two of the same chromosome, there are two genes for each trait. Traits carried by genes can either be dominate or recessive.
When this Punnett Square is completed, what is the probability of each trait in the offspring?
Y=yellow pea, y= green pea.
Answers
The probability of Yy is 55%
The probability of yy is 25%
The probability of YY - 25%
What is the Punnet square?A Punnett square is a tool used in genetics to predict the possible genotypes (genetic makeup) and phenotypes (observable traits) of offspring resulting from a cross between two parents. It is named after Reginald Punnett, a British geneticist who developed the square in the early 20th century.
Punnett squares are a useful tool for understanding the principles of inheritance and for predicting the outcomes of genetic crosses in plants and animals.
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In Yeast Metabolism (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) a CO
2
gas that evolved during the fermentation of glucose has a volume of 4.00 L at 20
∘
C and 1 atm. What is the volume of the gas at the fermentation temperature of 36
∘
C ? (round up your answer to 2 decimal places) Below the critical temperature attractive forces are responsible for equilibrium between liquid and vapor. condensation of the gas. liquefaction of gases All of the above.
Answers
The volume of CO2 gas at fermentation temperature can be determined using the Ideal Gas Law equation. For this question, the volume of CO2 gas is 4.22 L (rounded to two decimal places) at a fermentation temperature of 36°C.
The Ideal Gas Law or the perfect gas law explains the behavior of gases under given conditions. The Ideal Gas Law is defined as the product of the pressure, volume, and absolute temperature of a gas, which is equal to the number of moles of the gas times the universal gas constant.
The equation for the Ideal Gas Law is PV = nRT, where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin. It's also called the perfect gas law because it only applies to ideal gases. However, real gases deviate from the ideal behavior, especially under high pressure and low temperature. As a result, in real-life circumstances, slight changes may occur. In such situations, scientists and engineers turn to gas equations that account for non-ideal behaviors.
Yeast metabolism is a significant part of brewing and wine-making processes. During the metabolism of yeast, CO2 gas is released as a byproduct. To determine the volume of CO2 gas at fermentation temperatures, the Ideal Gas Law can be used. The given parameters are P1 = 1 atm, V1 = 4.00 L, T1 = 20°C, and T2 = 36°C. The question seeks the volume of CO2 gas at fermentation temperature, V2.
To solve for V2, we need to use the following formula for the Ideal Gas Law:
P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2We know that P1 = P2 = 1 atm, and V1 = 4.00 L.
The temperature, T1, has to be converted to Kelvin as T1 = 20°C + 273.15 = 293.15 K.
T2 also has to be converted to Kelvin as T2 = 36°C + 273.15 = 309.15 K.
We can now substitute these values into the formula and solve for V2:
V2 = (P1V1T2)/(T1P2) = (1 atm x 4.00 L x 309.15 K) / (293.15 K x 1 atm) = 4.22 L (rounded to two decimal places)
Therefore, at a fermentation temperature of 36°C, the volume of CO2 gas evolved from the fermentation of glucose is 4.22 L (rounded to two decimal places).
The volume of CO2 gas at fermentation temperature can be determined using the Ideal Gas Law equation. For this question, the volume of CO2 gas is 4.22 L (rounded to two decimal places) at a fermentation temperature of 36°C.
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Demonstrate the process of osmosis in a living plant material
Answers
Answer:
To demonstrate osmosis by this experiment an egg is taken. On the pointed side of the egg a small hole is formed and all the white and yellow matter of the egg is taken out through this hole. Now the empty egg is placed in the dilute solution of hydrochloric acid (HCl), so that the hard shell of the egg constituted of calcium carbonate is dissolved in it
Explanation:
.
a list of the nonsteroid hormones from largest to smallest would read protein hormones, amino acid derivative hormones, and peptide hormones.T/F
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False. The correct order from largest to smallest would be:
1. Protein hormones
2. Peptide hormones
3. Amino acid derivative hormones
Protein hormones are composed of long chains of amino acids and are relatively large in size. Peptide hormones are smaller than protein hormones and consist of shorter chains of amino acids. Amino acid derivative hormones are the smallest and are derived from individual amino acids. So, the correct order would be protein hormones, peptide hormones, and amino acid derivative hormones.
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Which of these is an example of soil degradation?
A. A drought kills all the plants in an area, leaving bare land.
B. Fertilizers provide too many nutrients to crops.
C. Garbage is buried so the land can be reclaimed later.
D. Containers designed to store pollutants leak.
Answers
A. Soil deterioration occurs when a drought kills all of the vegetation in a region, resulting in barren ground. Soil degradation refers to a decrease in soil quality caused by processes such as erosion, compaction, salinization, acidity, and pollution.
Drought may cause soil degradation by lowering organic matter in the soil and causing erosion. This can lead to decreased soil fertility, water retention capacity, and biodiversity.
A lack of plants can also reduce the soil's ability to absorb and retain carbon, resulting in additional deterioration. Fertilizers are a good source enhancers and they help in growth of the crops by providing then the suitable type of nutritional growth and fulfilling deficiency.
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Do you think the gene EEF1 ALPHA1 supports cell theory? Explain your response.
Answers
Answer:EEF1 supports the cell theory because protein synthesis is required for cells to surviveExplanation:The cell theory postulates that the organisms are composed of cells, which represent the basic and functional units of all living forms.
Explanation:
Answer:
yes
Explanation:
environmental or engineering controls for laboratory animal allergens include: laaa
Answers
Environmental and engineering elements to control laboratory animal allergens include proper ventilation, air filtration systems, personal protective equipment, and facility design.
To control laboratory animal allergens and minimize exposure to allergenic substances, several environmental and engineering measures can be implemented. These measures aim to create a safe and healthy environment for both animals and personnel working in the laboratory.
Proper ventilation is essential to ensure adequate air exchange and removal of allergens from the air. Ventilation systems should be designed to provide fresh air and prevent the accumulation of allergens in the laboratory environment. Additionally, air filtration systems can be installed to capture and remove allergenic particles from the air.
The use of personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves, masks, and lab coats, can help prevent direct contact with allergens and reduce the risk of sensitization and allergic reactions. PPE should be worn consistently and appropriately in areas where allergens are present.
Facility design is another important element in controlling laboratory animal allergens. Design considerations may include separate ventilation systems for animal housing areas, dedicated areas for cleaning and waste disposal, and the implementation of barrier systems to prevent cross-contamination between different areas.
By implementing these environmental and engineering elements, laboratories can effectively control laboratory animal allergens, reduce exposure risks, and promote the health and safety of both animals and personnel.
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Based on the given information, what is your hypothesis regarding the synthesis of recombinant erythropoietin? a) Hypothesis A: Mammalian expression systems can produce biologically active and stable erythropoietin. b) Hypothesis B: Bacterial expression systems can produce biologically active and stable erythropoietin.
Answers
Based on the given information, my hypothesis would be Hypothesis A - Mammalian expression systems can produce biologically active and stable erythropoietin.
Based on the given information, my hypothesis would be Hypothesis A - Mammalian expression systems can produce biologically active and stable erythropoietin. This is because erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone that is naturally produced by the kidneys in mammals and has a complex structure that includes multiple disulfide bonds and glycosylation sites. Therefore, it is likely that mammalian cells would be better equipped to properly fold and modify recombinant erythropoietin to maintain its biological activity and stability.
Bacterial expression systems, on the other hand, are typically used for the production of simpler proteins that do not require extensive post-translational modifications. While it is possible to express recombinant erythropoietin in bacterial cells, it may not be able to properly fold or undergo glycosylation, leading to decreased biological activity and stability.
Overall, I believe that mammalian expression systems would be a better choice for synthesizing recombinant erythropoietin due to the complex nature of the protein and its natural production in mammals.
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What is the gravitational constant on earth?
______________ m/s²
Answers
Answer:
9.807 m/s²
Explanation:
Hope this helps!
Answer:
9.807 m/s²
Explanation:
Large blood vessels and lymphatics are found in the?
Answers
Submucosa: dense, irregular tissue layer.
Two species of sunflowers grow on either side of a mountain. For a while, the two sunflower populations evolve separately. With the climatic changes, an animal population crosses from one side of the mountain chain to the other, bringing some sunflower pollen with it. This movement is called
a.Gene Flow
b.Mutation
c. Genetic Drift
d. Artificial Selection
Answers
Answer:
answer is option A) gene flow
I attached a image above
Answers
Answer:
D is correct
Explanation:
Phytoplankton are microscopic marine algae.
Phytoplankton, also known as microalgae, are similar to terrestrial plants in that they contain chlorophyll and require sunlight in order to live and grow. Most phytoplankton are buoyant and float in the upper part of the ocean, where sunlight penetrates the water.
Zooplankton are a type of heterotrophic plankton that range from microscopic organisms to large species, such as jellyfish. Zooplankton are found within large bodies of water, including oceans and freshwater systems.
which group of organisms represents the outgroup in the clade that includes only crocodilians, ornithischian dinosaurs, saurischian dinosaurs, and birds?
Answers
Archosaurs are a group of organisms that belong to the same clade that is Dinosauria.
There is abundant evidence that birds developed within the clade Dinosauria, which is broken down into two groups, dinosaur hips (Saurischia) and bird hips (Ornithischia). Despite the names, it wasn’t bird-hipping dinosaurs that created modern birds. Instead, Saurischia split into two groups: one that included long-necked, herbivorous dinosaurs like Apatosaurus, and the second group that gave rise to birds as bipedal predators known as theropods.
There are many similarities between late (maniraptoran) dinosaur fossils and birds, particularly in the structure of hip and wrist bones and the presence of a wishbone formed by the fusion of clavicles.
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